Stylistics and Discourse Analysis Real Exam Questions With Detailed Correct Answers.

Phonology/Phonetics - correct answers sound of spoken language; the way words are pronounced Stylistics - correct answers the study of the distinctive styles found in particular literary genres and in the works of individual writers. Discourse Analysis - correct answers The study of how stretches of language (spoken or written) achieve both cohesion and coherence. Graphology - correct answers patterns of written language; the shape of language on the page Morphology - correct answers the way words are constructed; words and other constituent structures Syntax/ Grammar - correct answers the way words combine with each other to form phrases and sentences Lexical Analysis/ Lexicology - correct answers the use of words and the vocabulary of a language Semantics - correct answers the meaning of words and sentences Pragmatics/ Discourse Analysis - correct answers The way words and sentences are used in everyday situations; the meaning of language in context. Foregrounding - correct answers part of a scene or picture that is nearest to and in front of the viewer Deviation - correct answers A phenomenon when a set of rules or expectation are broken in some way. Lexical Deviation - correct answersA new word or expression or a new meaning for an old word use on a particular occasion. Phonological Deviation - correct answershas omissions Aphesis - correct answersthe omission of an initial part ('mid instead of amid) Syncope - correct answersthe omission of a medial point of a word (ne'er instead of never) Apocope - correct answersthe omission of the final part of a word (a' instead of all) Graphological Deviation - correct answersrelated to type of print, grammetrics, punctuation, indention etc. Grammatical Deviation - correct answersrefers to departures from normal (surface) grammar Morphological Deviation - correct answers*museyroom *eggtentical *intellible Syntactical Deviation - correct answers*bad or incorrect grammar *syntactic rearrangement of hyperbaton Semantic Deviation - correct answerscan be meant as 'non-sense- or 'absurdity', so long as we realize that the sense is used in the context, in a strictly literal minded way. Deviation and Historical Period - correct answersthe use of linguistic heritage including dead languages such as Latin and archaism, the survival of the language of the past into the language of present Parallelism - correct answersrhetorical device characterized by over regularity or repetitive structures Parallelism aims at basically two things: - correct answers*Reinforcing ideas of importance *Making the text more pleasurable to the reader Rhetorics - correct answersthe use of language can be seen mainly as an effort to create speeches Poetics - correct answersanother language activity was the creation of poetic works Dialectics - correct answersthird field of language use was the art of creating a dialogue CAESAR and the Analogists - correct answers*stresses regularly and system rules *focused on facts and data *their arm was to create simple, clear and straightforward speeches CICERO and the Anomalists - correct answers*aimed at the creation and development of 'Ornate Dicere' that is flowery language *used unnatural syntactic patterns, sought for innovative often artificial sentence structures Defamiliarization - correct answersthe belief that the purpose of all art was to defamiliarize the familiar in order to generate for the viewer or reader a new perspective of the topic. This was first coined in 1917 by Russian Formalist Viktor Shklosky in his essay 'Art as Device' Prague School - correct answersshifted from formalism to functionalism American New Criticism - correct answersconstructed solely in light of the depiction of literary works as an independent aesthetic objects. Norm - correct answersan assemblage of stable means objectively existing in the language and systematically used Stylistic Devices - correct answersA general term referring to diction, syntax, tone, figurative language, and all other elements that contribute to the "style" or manner of a given piece of discourse. expressive means - correct answersare those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotional intensification of the utterance Functional style - correct answersa system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim of communication Denotative - correct answersthe literal meaning of a word Connotative - correct answersthe implied or associated meaning of a word lexical meaning - correct answersthe dictionary meaning of a word given explicitly stylistic meaning - correct answerswhat is communicated of the social circumstances of language use. linguistic context - correct answersis the encirclement of a language unit by other language unitsin speech. Such encirclement makes the meaning of the unit clear andunambiguous. It is especially important in case with polysemy beantic words (word orphrase with multiple meanings Microcontext - correct answersthe context of a single utterance (sentence). It isthe linguistic (grammatical, phonological, lexical, syntactic, etc.)environment of a text Macrocontext - correct answersis the context of a paragraph in a text. It is thesociolinguistic (the social ranks of the interlocutors, the epoch inwhich the interaction occurs of the text is written, etc.) environmentof a text. Megacontext - correct answersis the context of a book chapter, a story or the whole book. Stylistic Context - correct answersunity of stylistic element and its surroundings. It may be based on the similarity of equivalent words or their contrast. Stylistic context very often is based on the convergence. Expressive - correct answersa kind of intensification of an utterance or a part of it Emotiveness - correct answersthe emotions of writer/speaker Expressive Means - correct answersof a language are those linguistic forms and properties that have the potential to make the utterance emphatic or expressive. These can be found on all levels - phonetic, graphical, morphological, lexical or syntactical. Evaluative Stylistics - correct answersCriticizes the style of the text. focused on analyzing an author's style Discourse Stylistics - correct answersexamines the form and function of linguistic constructs which are beyond the sentence in specific social, cultural or historical contexts, as explored in a given discourse Corpus stylistics - correct answersChecks the legitimacy and originality of a text. literary analysis - correct answersthe process of examining closely and commenting on the elements of a literary work textual analysis - correct answersa research method that describes and interprets the characteristics of any text Cognitive Stylistics - correct answerslooking at the role played by human cognition in the creation of meaning Linguistic Stylistics - correct answersCategory of stylistics focused on how language is used in daily life. pedagogical stylistics - correct answersapplication of stylistic analysis to the teaching and learning of Language. Cohesion - correct answersgrammatical and lexical links that connect various elements in a text. Coherence - correct answersthe quality of being logical and consistent Collocation - correct answers Two or more words that co-occur in a language more often that would be expected by chance. - correct answers - correct answers