MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology Exams
(Latest 2026 Update) | Questions & Answers|
Grade A+| 100% Correct (Verified Solutions)
Nephrotic syndrome -CORRECT ANSWER-
characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the
mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is
noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal -CORRECT ANSWER-
Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions
that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental
glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental -CORRECT ANSWER-
When a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is
considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis -CORRECT ANSWER-
An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of
immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome -CORRECT ANSWER-
Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature
is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of
inflammation.
,1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune
Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor -CORRECT ANSWER-
refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In
the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of
macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space
and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor -CORRECT ANSWER-
refers to glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and
tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor -CORRECT ANSWER-
refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) -CORRECT ANSWER-
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy
A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually
appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer -CORRECT ANSWER-
cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis -CORRECT ANSWER-
History
physical examination
urinalysis
, renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis -CORRECT ANSWER-
An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs
secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) -CORRECT ANSWER-
inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma -CORRECT ANSWER-
cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in
adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms -CORRECT ANSWER-
Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected, then
manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer -CORRECT ANSWER-
Painless hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is intermittent and
occurs throughout all of micturition as opposed to just the beginning.
(Latest 2026 Update) | Questions & Answers|
Grade A+| 100% Correct (Verified Solutions)
Nephrotic syndrome -CORRECT ANSWER-
characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the
mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is
noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal -CORRECT ANSWER-
Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions
that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental
glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental -CORRECT ANSWER-
When a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is
considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis -CORRECT ANSWER-
An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of
immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome -CORRECT ANSWER-
Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature
is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of
inflammation.
,1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune
Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor -CORRECT ANSWER-
refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In
the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of
macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space
and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor -CORRECT ANSWER-
refers to glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and
tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor -CORRECT ANSWER-
refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) -CORRECT ANSWER-
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy
A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually
appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer -CORRECT ANSWER-
cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis -CORRECT ANSWER-
History
physical examination
urinalysis
, renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis -CORRECT ANSWER-
An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs
secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) -CORRECT ANSWER-
inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma -CORRECT ANSWER-
cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in
adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms -CORRECT ANSWER-
Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected, then
manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer -CORRECT ANSWER-
Painless hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is intermittent and
occurs throughout all of micturition as opposed to just the beginning.
