Emergency Management
Study Guide Final Test
Review 2025-2026 WITH
QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
Integrated - ANSWERS-Emergency managers ensure unity of effort among all levels of
government and all elements of a community.
Collaborative - ANSWERS-Emergency managers create and sustain broad and sincere
relationships among individuals and organizations to encourage trust, advocate a team
atmosphere, build consensus, and facilitate communication.
Coordinated - ANSWERS-Emergency managers synchronize the activities of all
relevant stakeholders to achieve a common purpose.
Flexible - ANSWERS-Emergency managers use creative and innovative approaches in
solving disaster challenges.
,Professional - ANSWERS-Emergency managers value a science- and knowledge-
based approach based on education, training, experience, ethical practice, public
stewardship, and continuous improvement.
Congressional Act of 1803 - ANSWERS-Was the earliest effort to provide disaster relief
on a Federal level after a fire devastated a New Hampshire town.
From that point forward, assorted legislation provided disaster support. Between 1803
and 1950, the Federal Government intervened in approximately 100 incidents
(earthquakes, fires, floods, and tornadoes).
Defense Production Act of 1950 - ANSWERS-Was the first comprehensive legislation
pertaining to Federal disaster relief.
The Disaster Relief Act of 1950 gave the President authority to issue disaster
declarations that allowed Federal agencies to provide direct assistance to State and
local governments.
The Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 created a nationwide system of civil defense
agencies, and defense drills became routine in schools, government agencies, and
other organizations.
Executive Order 10427 - ANSWERS-In 1952, President Truman issued Executive Order
10427, which emphasized that Federal disaster assistance was intended to supplement,
not supplant, the resources of State, local, and private-sector organizations. This role is
still the same today
Executive Order 12127 - ANSWERS-President Carter's 1979 Executive Order 12127
merged many of separate disaster-related responsibilities into a new Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
FEMA was created to:
- Coordinate Federal emergency authorities, including the administration of disaster
response and recovery programs.
- Assume the role of the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration and assume
responsibilities from the Federal Preparedness Agency, the Defense Civil Preparedness
Agency, the Federal Insurance Administration, the Office of Emergency Preparedness,
and the U.S. Fire Administration.
FEMA is headquartered in Washington, DC, with 10 regional offices that help plan,
coordinate, and manage disaster assistance activities, including disaster operations,
disaster assistance, mitigation, and preparedness.
Other activities include providing emergency food and shelter funding for those left
homeless, and planning to ensure the continuity of the Federal Government during
national security emergencies.
The Stafford Act - ANSWERS-Today, the centerpiece legislation for providing Federal
aid for emergency and disaster relief is the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and
Emergency Assistance Act (Public Law 100-707). The Stafford Act:
,Provides a system of emergency preparedness for the protection of life and property
from hazards.
Vests responsibility for emergency preparedness jointly in the Federal Government,
State and tribal governments, and their political subdivisions.
Gives FEMA responsibility for coordinating Federal Government response.
Under the Stafford Act, assistance is limited to:
Natural catastrophes (including any hurricane, tornado, storm, high water, wind-driven
water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide,
snowstorm, or drought), or,
Regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion.
The Stafford Act is designed to supplement the efforts and available resources of
States, tribes, local governments, and disaster relief organizations.
Under the Stafford Act, the President can designate an incident as either an
"emergency" or a "major disaster." Both authorize the Federal Government to provide
essential assistance to meet immediate threats to life and property, as well as additional
disaster relief assistance.
Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 - ANSWERS-The Post-
Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 (PKEMRA) provided important
provisions, including the key principle that after a major disaster or emergency
declaration accelerated Federal assistance could be sent by FEMA, in the absence of a
specific request by a State, to save lives and prevent suffering. Among its important
provisions, PKEMRA:
Requires the development of pre-scripted mission assignments as part of the planning
efforts for Emergency Support Function (ESF) response efforts.
Transfers to FEMA various preparedness functions formerly contained within
Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
Employs the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and the National Response
Framework (NRF) as the framework for emergency response and domestic incident
management.
Requires the development of comprehensive plans to respond to catastrophic incidents
to include clear standardization, guidance, and assistance to ensure common
terminology, approach, and framework for all strategic and operational planning.
Directs the development of a National Disaster Recovery Strategy and National Disaster
Housing Strategy.
Amends the Stafford Act to direct FEMA to appoint a Disability Coordinator to ensure
that the needs of individuals with disabilities are addressed in emergency preparedness
and disaster relief.
Requires an annual report to Congress on all Federal planning and preparedness
efforts.
Adds protection for household pets and service animals.
Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013 - ANSWERS-The Sandy Recovery
Improvement Act of 2013 (P.L. 113-2) authorizes several significant changes to the way
FEMA may deliver disaster assistance under a variety of programs. Key changes relate
to the following:
, Public Assistance:Authorizing alternative procedures for the Public Assistance (PA)
Program.Reviewing and evaluating the Public Assistance small project
threshold.Establishing a nationwide dispute resolution pilot program for Public
Assistance projects.
Hazard Mitigation: Streamlining the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP).
Disaster Cost Reduction: Developing a national strategy to reduce costs on future
disasters.
Individual Assistance:Revising the factors considered when evaluating the need for the
Individual Assistance Program in a major disaster or emergency.Authorizing the lease
and repair of rental units for use as direct temporary housing.
Unified Federal Review: Establishing a unified and expedited interagency environmental
and historic preservation process for disaster recovery projects.
Essential Assistance: Authorizing changes in the way certain government employees
are reimbursed for performing emergency protective measures.
Tribal Requests for a Major Disaster or Emergency Declaration: Amending the Stafford
Act to allow the Chief Executive of a federally recognized Indian tribe to make a direct
request to the President for a major disaster or emergency declaration. Tribes may elect
to receive assistance under a State's declaration, provided that the President does not
make a declaration for the tribe for the same incident. The Act also:Authorizes the
President to establish criteria to adjust the non-federal cost share for an Indian tribal
government consistent to the extent allowed by current authorities.Requires FEMA to
consider the unique circumstances of tribes when it develops regulations to i
Emergency - ANSWERS-Any occasion or instance for which, in the determination of the
President, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State, tribal, and local efforts
and capabilities to save lives and to protect property and public health and safety, or
lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States. A variety of
incidents may qualify as emergencies.
The Federal assistance available for emergencies is more limited than that which is
available for a major disaster.
Major Disaster - ANSWERS-Any natural catastrophe (including any hurricane, tornado,
storm, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic
eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, or drought), or, regardless of cause, any fire,
flood, or explosion, in any part of the United States, which in the determination of the
President causes damage of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant major disaster
assistance under this chapter to supplement the efforts and available resources of
States, tribal governments, local governments, and disaster relief organizations in
alleviating the damage, loss, hardship, or suffering caused thereby.
Major disasters may be caused by such natural events as floods, hurricanes, and
earthquakes. Disasters may include fires, floods, or explosions that the President feels
are of sufficient magnitude to warrant Federal assistance. Although the types of
incidents that may qualify as a major disaster are limited, the Federal assistance
available for major disasters is broader than that available for emergencies.
Study Guide Final Test
Review 2025-2026 WITH
QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
Integrated - ANSWERS-Emergency managers ensure unity of effort among all levels of
government and all elements of a community.
Collaborative - ANSWERS-Emergency managers create and sustain broad and sincere
relationships among individuals and organizations to encourage trust, advocate a team
atmosphere, build consensus, and facilitate communication.
Coordinated - ANSWERS-Emergency managers synchronize the activities of all
relevant stakeholders to achieve a common purpose.
Flexible - ANSWERS-Emergency managers use creative and innovative approaches in
solving disaster challenges.
,Professional - ANSWERS-Emergency managers value a science- and knowledge-
based approach based on education, training, experience, ethical practice, public
stewardship, and continuous improvement.
Congressional Act of 1803 - ANSWERS-Was the earliest effort to provide disaster relief
on a Federal level after a fire devastated a New Hampshire town.
From that point forward, assorted legislation provided disaster support. Between 1803
and 1950, the Federal Government intervened in approximately 100 incidents
(earthquakes, fires, floods, and tornadoes).
Defense Production Act of 1950 - ANSWERS-Was the first comprehensive legislation
pertaining to Federal disaster relief.
The Disaster Relief Act of 1950 gave the President authority to issue disaster
declarations that allowed Federal agencies to provide direct assistance to State and
local governments.
The Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 created a nationwide system of civil defense
agencies, and defense drills became routine in schools, government agencies, and
other organizations.
Executive Order 10427 - ANSWERS-In 1952, President Truman issued Executive Order
10427, which emphasized that Federal disaster assistance was intended to supplement,
not supplant, the resources of State, local, and private-sector organizations. This role is
still the same today
Executive Order 12127 - ANSWERS-President Carter's 1979 Executive Order 12127
merged many of separate disaster-related responsibilities into a new Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
FEMA was created to:
- Coordinate Federal emergency authorities, including the administration of disaster
response and recovery programs.
- Assume the role of the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration and assume
responsibilities from the Federal Preparedness Agency, the Defense Civil Preparedness
Agency, the Federal Insurance Administration, the Office of Emergency Preparedness,
and the U.S. Fire Administration.
FEMA is headquartered in Washington, DC, with 10 regional offices that help plan,
coordinate, and manage disaster assistance activities, including disaster operations,
disaster assistance, mitigation, and preparedness.
Other activities include providing emergency food and shelter funding for those left
homeless, and planning to ensure the continuity of the Federal Government during
national security emergencies.
The Stafford Act - ANSWERS-Today, the centerpiece legislation for providing Federal
aid for emergency and disaster relief is the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and
Emergency Assistance Act (Public Law 100-707). The Stafford Act:
,Provides a system of emergency preparedness for the protection of life and property
from hazards.
Vests responsibility for emergency preparedness jointly in the Federal Government,
State and tribal governments, and their political subdivisions.
Gives FEMA responsibility for coordinating Federal Government response.
Under the Stafford Act, assistance is limited to:
Natural catastrophes (including any hurricane, tornado, storm, high water, wind-driven
water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide,
snowstorm, or drought), or,
Regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion.
The Stafford Act is designed to supplement the efforts and available resources of
States, tribes, local governments, and disaster relief organizations.
Under the Stafford Act, the President can designate an incident as either an
"emergency" or a "major disaster." Both authorize the Federal Government to provide
essential assistance to meet immediate threats to life and property, as well as additional
disaster relief assistance.
Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 - ANSWERS-The Post-
Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 (PKEMRA) provided important
provisions, including the key principle that after a major disaster or emergency
declaration accelerated Federal assistance could be sent by FEMA, in the absence of a
specific request by a State, to save lives and prevent suffering. Among its important
provisions, PKEMRA:
Requires the development of pre-scripted mission assignments as part of the planning
efforts for Emergency Support Function (ESF) response efforts.
Transfers to FEMA various preparedness functions formerly contained within
Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
Employs the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and the National Response
Framework (NRF) as the framework for emergency response and domestic incident
management.
Requires the development of comprehensive plans to respond to catastrophic incidents
to include clear standardization, guidance, and assistance to ensure common
terminology, approach, and framework for all strategic and operational planning.
Directs the development of a National Disaster Recovery Strategy and National Disaster
Housing Strategy.
Amends the Stafford Act to direct FEMA to appoint a Disability Coordinator to ensure
that the needs of individuals with disabilities are addressed in emergency preparedness
and disaster relief.
Requires an annual report to Congress on all Federal planning and preparedness
efforts.
Adds protection for household pets and service animals.
Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013 - ANSWERS-The Sandy Recovery
Improvement Act of 2013 (P.L. 113-2) authorizes several significant changes to the way
FEMA may deliver disaster assistance under a variety of programs. Key changes relate
to the following:
, Public Assistance:Authorizing alternative procedures for the Public Assistance (PA)
Program.Reviewing and evaluating the Public Assistance small project
threshold.Establishing a nationwide dispute resolution pilot program for Public
Assistance projects.
Hazard Mitigation: Streamlining the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP).
Disaster Cost Reduction: Developing a national strategy to reduce costs on future
disasters.
Individual Assistance:Revising the factors considered when evaluating the need for the
Individual Assistance Program in a major disaster or emergency.Authorizing the lease
and repair of rental units for use as direct temporary housing.
Unified Federal Review: Establishing a unified and expedited interagency environmental
and historic preservation process for disaster recovery projects.
Essential Assistance: Authorizing changes in the way certain government employees
are reimbursed for performing emergency protective measures.
Tribal Requests for a Major Disaster or Emergency Declaration: Amending the Stafford
Act to allow the Chief Executive of a federally recognized Indian tribe to make a direct
request to the President for a major disaster or emergency declaration. Tribes may elect
to receive assistance under a State's declaration, provided that the President does not
make a declaration for the tribe for the same incident. The Act also:Authorizes the
President to establish criteria to adjust the non-federal cost share for an Indian tribal
government consistent to the extent allowed by current authorities.Requires FEMA to
consider the unique circumstances of tribes when it develops regulations to i
Emergency - ANSWERS-Any occasion or instance for which, in the determination of the
President, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State, tribal, and local efforts
and capabilities to save lives and to protect property and public health and safety, or
lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States. A variety of
incidents may qualify as emergencies.
The Federal assistance available for emergencies is more limited than that which is
available for a major disaster.
Major Disaster - ANSWERS-Any natural catastrophe (including any hurricane, tornado,
storm, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic
eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, or drought), or, regardless of cause, any fire,
flood, or explosion, in any part of the United States, which in the determination of the
President causes damage of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant major disaster
assistance under this chapter to supplement the efforts and available resources of
States, tribal governments, local governments, and disaster relief organizations in
alleviating the damage, loss, hardship, or suffering caused thereby.
Major disasters may be caused by such natural events as floods, hurricanes, and
earthquakes. Disasters may include fires, floods, or explosions that the President feels
are of sufficient magnitude to warrant Federal assistance. Although the types of
incidents that may qualify as a major disaster are limited, the Federal assistance
available for major disasters is broader than that available for emergencies.
