NR 565 Midterm Exam Test Bank / NR565 Advanced Pharmacology (NEW
UPDATED VERSION) LATEST ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) |
GUARANTEED PASS A+ [2025-2026]
1–10: Cellular & Molecular Pathophysiology
1. Which of the following is the primary function of mitochondria?
• A. Protein synthesis
• B. Energy (ATP) production
• C. Detoxification
• D. Lipid storage
Answer: B — Mitochondria produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation, supplying energy for
cellular processes.
2. Which process describes programmed cell death?
• A. Necrosis
• B. Apoptosis
• C. Autophagy
• D. Inflammation
Answer: B — Apoptosis is a regulated process of cell death, important for tissue homeostasis.
3. Hypoxia in cells primarily results in:
• A. Increased ATP production
• B. Anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid accumulation
• C. Enhanced oxidative phosphorylation
• D. Increased protein synthesis
Answer: B — Lack of oxygen forces cells to switch to anaerobic glycolysis, producing lactic
acid.
4. Which ion is primarily responsible for resting membrane potential?
• A. Calcium
• B. Sodium
• C. Potassium
• D. Chloride
,Answer: C — Potassium gradients across the membrane maintain resting potential via the
sodium-potassium pump.
5. Cellular swelling due to hypoxic injury is caused by:
• A. Water influx due to Na⁺ accumulation
• B. Protein catabolism
• C. DNA fragmentation
• D. Mitochondrial hyperactivity
Answer: A — Failure of ATP-dependent Na⁺/K⁺ pumps allows sodium accumulation, drawing
water into cells.
6. Free radicals contribute to cell injury by:
• A. Damaging DNA, proteins, and membranes
• B. Increasing ATP production
• C. Reducing oxidative stress
• D. Stimulating apoptosis exclusively
Answer: A — Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative damage to cellular structures.
7. Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell number?
• A. Hypertrophy
• B. Hyperplasia
• C. Atrophy
• D. Metaplasia
Answer: B — Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number in response to stimulus (e.g., hormonal).
8. A smoker’s respiratory epithelium often shows replacement of ciliated columnar cells with
squamous cells. This is:
• A. Hypertrophy
• B. Hyperplasia
• C. Metaplasia
• D. Dysplasia
Answer: C — Metaplasia is reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, often
protective.
9. Dysplasia differs from metaplasia because it:
• A. Is always reversible
• B. Indicates abnormal proliferation and differentiation, potentially pre-cancerous
, • C. Reduces cellular size
• D. Enhances mitochondrial function
Answer: B — Dysplasia shows atypical cells and can precede malignancy.
10. Which type of necrosis is associated with ischemic injury to the heart?
• A. Liquefactive
• B. Coagulative
• C. Caseous
• D. Fat
Answer: B — Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture and is typical in infarcts.
11–20: Inflammation & Immune Response
11. The first leukocyte to arrive at an acute inflammation site is:
• A. Lymphocyte
• B. Neutrophil
• C. Eosinophil
• D. Monocyte
Answer: B — Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation.
12. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever?
• A. IL-1
• B. IL-10
• C. TGF-β
• D. IL-4
Answer: A — IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to induce fever.
13. Chronic inflammation is characterized by:
• A. Predominance of neutrophils
• B. Tissue necrosis only
• C. Mononuclear cells, fibrosis, and angiogenesis
• D. Immediate vasodilation only
Answer: C — Chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes, macrophages, and tissue
remodeling.
UPDATED VERSION) LATEST ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) |
GUARANTEED PASS A+ [2025-2026]
1–10: Cellular & Molecular Pathophysiology
1. Which of the following is the primary function of mitochondria?
• A. Protein synthesis
• B. Energy (ATP) production
• C. Detoxification
• D. Lipid storage
Answer: B — Mitochondria produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation, supplying energy for
cellular processes.
2. Which process describes programmed cell death?
• A. Necrosis
• B. Apoptosis
• C. Autophagy
• D. Inflammation
Answer: B — Apoptosis is a regulated process of cell death, important for tissue homeostasis.
3. Hypoxia in cells primarily results in:
• A. Increased ATP production
• B. Anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid accumulation
• C. Enhanced oxidative phosphorylation
• D. Increased protein synthesis
Answer: B — Lack of oxygen forces cells to switch to anaerobic glycolysis, producing lactic
acid.
4. Which ion is primarily responsible for resting membrane potential?
• A. Calcium
• B. Sodium
• C. Potassium
• D. Chloride
,Answer: C — Potassium gradients across the membrane maintain resting potential via the
sodium-potassium pump.
5. Cellular swelling due to hypoxic injury is caused by:
• A. Water influx due to Na⁺ accumulation
• B. Protein catabolism
• C. DNA fragmentation
• D. Mitochondrial hyperactivity
Answer: A — Failure of ATP-dependent Na⁺/K⁺ pumps allows sodium accumulation, drawing
water into cells.
6. Free radicals contribute to cell injury by:
• A. Damaging DNA, proteins, and membranes
• B. Increasing ATP production
• C. Reducing oxidative stress
• D. Stimulating apoptosis exclusively
Answer: A — Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative damage to cellular structures.
7. Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell number?
• A. Hypertrophy
• B. Hyperplasia
• C. Atrophy
• D. Metaplasia
Answer: B — Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number in response to stimulus (e.g., hormonal).
8. A smoker’s respiratory epithelium often shows replacement of ciliated columnar cells with
squamous cells. This is:
• A. Hypertrophy
• B. Hyperplasia
• C. Metaplasia
• D. Dysplasia
Answer: C — Metaplasia is reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, often
protective.
9. Dysplasia differs from metaplasia because it:
• A. Is always reversible
• B. Indicates abnormal proliferation and differentiation, potentially pre-cancerous
, • C. Reduces cellular size
• D. Enhances mitochondrial function
Answer: B — Dysplasia shows atypical cells and can precede malignancy.
10. Which type of necrosis is associated with ischemic injury to the heart?
• A. Liquefactive
• B. Coagulative
• C. Caseous
• D. Fat
Answer: B — Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture and is typical in infarcts.
11–20: Inflammation & Immune Response
11. The first leukocyte to arrive at an acute inflammation site is:
• A. Lymphocyte
• B. Neutrophil
• C. Eosinophil
• D. Monocyte
Answer: B — Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation.
12. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever?
• A. IL-1
• B. IL-10
• C. TGF-β
• D. IL-4
Answer: A — IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to induce fever.
13. Chronic inflammation is characterized by:
• A. Predominance of neutrophils
• B. Tissue necrosis only
• C. Mononuclear cells, fibrosis, and angiogenesis
• D. Immediate vasodilation only
Answer: C — Chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes, macrophages, and tissue
remodeling.
