BIO 1A03 TEST 3 LATEST
How was the method of chromosome separation during anaphase
discovered? - ANSWERS-part of microtubules were bleached during
mitosis and used as a reference point. the end connected to the
centrosome stayed the same length while that connected to the
kinetochores shortened. this means that the chromosomes are moved the
poles by the depolymerization of the microtubules near the kinetochores.
how do microtubules move chromosomes - ANSWERS--kinetochore
plates keep microtubules attached to chromosome
-fibers containing motor proteins, attached to kinetochore plates,
depolymerize microtubules
Johnson and Rao Experiment - ANSWERS-Fusion of M phase cell with
cell of any other phase causes beginning of M phase
Conclusion: M phase contains regulatory molecule to induce it in
interphase cells
Markert & Masui Microinjection Experiment - ANSWERS-
Microinjection of cytoplasm of 1) An M phase cell and 2) an interphase
cell injected into interphase cells. M phase injection induces M phase, no
change in interphase injected cell.
Cancer cell traits - ANSWERS--Loss of normal features
END OF
PAGE
1
, BIO 1A03 TEST 3 LATEST
-variation in size and shape
-large, variably shaped nuclei
-disorganized arrangement
-layer on top of each other (lack of anchorage dependence or density
dependent inhibition)
anchorage dependence - ANSWERS-The requirement that to divide, a
cell must be attached to a solid surface.
density dependent inhibition - ANSWERS-The phenomenon observed in
normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they form a
complete layer, and only grow to replace each other when some are
scraped away
vincristine & taxol - ANSWERS-anti-microtubule agents; stop spindle
fibre from forming. used as a chemotherapy drug.
vincristine: extracted from rosy periwinkle
taxol: from pacific yew tree bark
END OF
PAGE
2
, BIO 1A03 TEST 3 LATEST
CAR-T therapy - ANSWERS-Engineering T cell "assassins" to
recognize and kill cancer cells
blood is removed from the patient, CAR gene is inserted, new car t cells
grown (millions), reinserted back into patient
functional genomics - ANSWERS-the study of the relationship between
genes and their function
differences in chimpanzee and human genomes mainly stem from -
ANSWERS-regulatory gene differences, not protein coding sequences
amniocentesis - ANSWERS-needle puncture of the amniotic sac to
withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis
chlorionic villus sampling (CVS) - ANSWERS-more for high risk
pregnancies (results in a day or two), sample of chlorionic villus
sampling taken for biochemical tests and karyotyping
Klinefelter syndrome - ANSWERS-47 XXY
END OF
PAGE
3
, BIO 1A03 TEST 3 LATEST
tall stature, slightly feminized physique, poor beard/chest hair growth,
breast development, small testes, sterile, normal intelligence
Trisomy 21 - ANSWERS-Down syndrome
trisomy 13 - ANSWERS-Patau syndrome
Severely mentally challenged, cleft palate, deaf, malformed organs
trisomy 18 - ANSWERS-Edwards syndrome
small newborns, low set ears, clenched hands, malformed organs,
webbed neck, receding chin
turner syndrome - ANSWERS-45, XO, sterile females, only viable
human monosomy, short stature, webbed neck, shield like chest
Triple X Syndrome - ANSWERS-47, XXX, usually normal phenotype
and fertile - because usually only 1 X chromosome has most of its genes
activated at once, the other one is usually mostly turned off (probably bc
of the lack of genes on the Y chromosome so its more fair?) so an extra
END OF
PAGE
4
How was the method of chromosome separation during anaphase
discovered? - ANSWERS-part of microtubules were bleached during
mitosis and used as a reference point. the end connected to the
centrosome stayed the same length while that connected to the
kinetochores shortened. this means that the chromosomes are moved the
poles by the depolymerization of the microtubules near the kinetochores.
how do microtubules move chromosomes - ANSWERS--kinetochore
plates keep microtubules attached to chromosome
-fibers containing motor proteins, attached to kinetochore plates,
depolymerize microtubules
Johnson and Rao Experiment - ANSWERS-Fusion of M phase cell with
cell of any other phase causes beginning of M phase
Conclusion: M phase contains regulatory molecule to induce it in
interphase cells
Markert & Masui Microinjection Experiment - ANSWERS-
Microinjection of cytoplasm of 1) An M phase cell and 2) an interphase
cell injected into interphase cells. M phase injection induces M phase, no
change in interphase injected cell.
Cancer cell traits - ANSWERS--Loss of normal features
END OF
PAGE
1
, BIO 1A03 TEST 3 LATEST
-variation in size and shape
-large, variably shaped nuclei
-disorganized arrangement
-layer on top of each other (lack of anchorage dependence or density
dependent inhibition)
anchorage dependence - ANSWERS-The requirement that to divide, a
cell must be attached to a solid surface.
density dependent inhibition - ANSWERS-The phenomenon observed in
normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they form a
complete layer, and only grow to replace each other when some are
scraped away
vincristine & taxol - ANSWERS-anti-microtubule agents; stop spindle
fibre from forming. used as a chemotherapy drug.
vincristine: extracted from rosy periwinkle
taxol: from pacific yew tree bark
END OF
PAGE
2
, BIO 1A03 TEST 3 LATEST
CAR-T therapy - ANSWERS-Engineering T cell "assassins" to
recognize and kill cancer cells
blood is removed from the patient, CAR gene is inserted, new car t cells
grown (millions), reinserted back into patient
functional genomics - ANSWERS-the study of the relationship between
genes and their function
differences in chimpanzee and human genomes mainly stem from -
ANSWERS-regulatory gene differences, not protein coding sequences
amniocentesis - ANSWERS-needle puncture of the amniotic sac to
withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis
chlorionic villus sampling (CVS) - ANSWERS-more for high risk
pregnancies (results in a day or two), sample of chlorionic villus
sampling taken for biochemical tests and karyotyping
Klinefelter syndrome - ANSWERS-47 XXY
END OF
PAGE
3
, BIO 1A03 TEST 3 LATEST
tall stature, slightly feminized physique, poor beard/chest hair growth,
breast development, small testes, sterile, normal intelligence
Trisomy 21 - ANSWERS-Down syndrome
trisomy 13 - ANSWERS-Patau syndrome
Severely mentally challenged, cleft palate, deaf, malformed organs
trisomy 18 - ANSWERS-Edwards syndrome
small newborns, low set ears, clenched hands, malformed organs,
webbed neck, receding chin
turner syndrome - ANSWERS-45, XO, sterile females, only viable
human monosomy, short stature, webbed neck, shield like chest
Triple X Syndrome - ANSWERS-47, XXX, usually normal phenotype
and fertile - because usually only 1 X chromosome has most of its genes
activated at once, the other one is usually mostly turned off (probably bc
of the lack of genes on the Y chromosome so its more fair?) so an extra
END OF
PAGE
4
