advanced pathophysiology NR 507 final exam with correct answers 2025

advanced pathophysiology NR 507
final exam with correct answers
2025



FatvSolublevHormonesv-vcorrect-answersv-Steroids



WatervSolublevHormonesv-vcorrect-answersv-
Needv2ndvMessengervtovtransportvacrossvphospholipidvmembranes



PituitaryvHormonesv-vcorrect-answersv-
TSH,vGH,vACTH,vFSH,vLH,vOxytocin,vADH,vMelanocytevStimulatingvHormone



AnteriorvPituitaryv-vcorrect-answersv-
Acctvforv75%vofvtotalvweightvofvpituitaryvgland.vThreevregions,vparsvdistalis,vpartsvtuberalis,vandvpar
svintermedia.vParsvdistalisvisvmajorvcomponentvofvAnteriorvPituitaryvandvsourcevofvAnteriorvPituitar
yvHormones.



PosteriorvPituitaryv(neurohypophysis)v-vcorrect-answersv-
Arisesvfromv3rdvventriclevofvbrain,vconsistsvofvthreevparts,vmedianveminence,vpituitaryvstalk,vandvin

,fundibularvprocessv(parsvnervosavorvneuralvtube).vMedianveminencevisvcomposedvmainlyvofvnervev
endingsvofvaxonsvthatvarisevprimarilyvfromvventralvhypothalamus.



HypothalamicvreleasingvHormonesvinvPosteriorvpituitary'svmedianveminence.v-vcorrect-answersv-
Includesv10vhypothalamicvreleasingvhormonesvandvneurotransmittersvsuchvasvdopamine,vnorepin
ephrine,vserotonin,vacetylcholine,vandvhistamine.



Pituitaryvstalkv-vcorrect-answersv-
containsvaxonsvofvneuronsvthatvoriginatevinvthevsupraopticvandvparaventricularvnucleivofvthevhypot
halamus.



Hormonesvofvposteriorvpituitaryv-vcorrect-answersv-ADH,vandvOxytocinv(PeptidevHormones)



ADHv(antidiureticvHormone)v-vcorrect-answersv-
Majorvhomeostaticvfunctionvofvposteriorvpituitaryvisvcontrolvofvplasmavosmolality,vasvregulatedvbyv
ADH



Hypothalamicvhormonesvandvtargetvtissuesv(Hypophysiotropicvhormones)v-vcorrect-answersv-
HORMONES:vThyrotropinvReleasingvHormonev(TRH),vGonadotropoin-
releasingvhormonev(GnRH),vSomatostatin,vGrowthvhormone-
releasingvhormonev(GHRH),vcorticotropin-releasingvhormonev(CRH),

SubstancevP,vDopamine,vProlactin-releasingvfactor.

TARGETvTissue:vAnteriorvPituitary



Somatostatinv-vcorrect-answersv-InhibitsvreleasevofvgrowthvhormonevandvTSH



Gonadotropoin-releasingvhormonev-vcorrect-answersv-StimulatesvreleasevofvFSHvandvLH



Dopaminev-vcorrect-answersv-Inhibitsvsynthesisvandvsecretionvofvprolactin

,Prolactin-releasingvfactorv(PRF)v-vcorrect-answersv-Stimulatevsecretionvofvprolactin



TropicvHormonesvofvAnteriorvPituitaryvandvtheirvfunctionv-vcorrect-answersv-ACTH,vMelanocyte-
stimulatingvHormonev(MSH,vSomatotropicvhormones,vGH,vprolactin,vLH,vTSH,vFSH,vglycoproteinvh
ormones



Adrenocorticotropicvhormonev(ACTH)v-vcorrect-answersv-SECRETORYvCELLvTYPE:vCorticotropic

TARGETvORGANS:vAdrenalvGlandv(cortex)

FUNCTIONS:vIncreasedvsteroidogenesisv(cortisol,vandvandrogenicvhormones



Prolactin,v-vcorrect-answersv-Milkvproduction



TSHv-vcorrect-answersv-Increasedvproductionvandvsecretionvofvthyroidvhormone



LuteinizingvHormonev(LH)v-vcorrect-answersv-
Ovulation,vprogesteronevproductionv(invglanulosavcells)



FolliclevStimulatingvHormonev(FSH)v-vcorrect-answersv-
Folliclevmaturation,vestrogenvproductionv(InvWomen:vGranulosavCells,vInvMen:vSertolivCells)



B-Lipotropinv-vcorrect-answersv-
Fatvbreakdownvandvreleasevofvfattyvacidsv(Corticotropic,vfromvAdiposevCells)



B-Endorphinsv-vcorrect-answersv-
Analgesia;vmayvregulatevbodyvtemp,vfoodvandvwatervintakev(Corticotropic,vAdiposevcells,vbrainvopi
oidvreceptors)

, ADHvfunctionsv-vcorrect-answersv-
Homeostasis,vcontrolvplasmavosmolality.vActsvofvVasopressinv2v(V2)vreceptorsvofvrenalvtubularvcell
svtovincreasevpermeabilityvwhichvleadsvtovincreasedvwatervreabsorptionvintovthevbloodvandvproduc
tionvofvmorevconcentratedvurine,vthesevmayvbevinhibitedvbyvhypercalcemia,vprostaglandinvE,vandv
hypokalemia.



Osmoreceptorsv-vcorrect-answersv-



HighvlevelsvofvADHv-vcorrect-answersv-ActsvonvVasopressinv1vreceptorsvcausingvvasoconstriction



ADHvsecretionvisvcontrolledvby:v-vcorrect-answersv-
osmoreceptorsvofvthevhypothalamus.vStimulatedvbyvincreasedvplasmavosmolality,vthenvADHvsecre
tionvisvincreased,vwatervisvthenvreabsorbedvfromvthevkidney,vandvplasmavisvdilutedvtovits'vsetpointv
osmolalityv(280vmOsm/kg).vADHvhasvanvindirectvaffectvonvelectrolytevlevelsvduevtovincreasedvwate
rvreabsorption.vElectrolytesvmayvdecrease.

ADHvsecretionvisvalsovincreasedvbyvchangesvinvintravascularvvolumevmonitoredvbyvmechanorecept
orsvinvleftvatriumvandvcarotidvandvaorticvarches.vVolumevlossvthroughvtraumav(7%-
25%)vactsvonvreceptorsvtovstimulatevADHvsecretion.



ADHvsecretionvdecreasedvwith:v-vcorrect-answersv-
Decreasevinvplasmavosmolality,vincreasevinvintravascularvvolume,vhypertension,vincreasevinvestrog
en,vprogesterone,vangiotensinvIIvlevels,vandvalcoholvingestion



ADHv(givenvasvVasopressin)vmayvhelpvto:v-vcorrect-answersv-
IncreasevBPvandvtovachievevhemostasisvduringvvolumevlossvduringvshockvstates.



Oxytocinv-vcorrect-answersv-
Responsiblevforvcontractionvofvuterusvandvmilkvejectionvinvlactation,vandvmayveffectvspermvmotilit
yvinvmen.vOxytocinvisvstimulatedvbyvsuckingvandvmechanicalvdistentionvofvfemailevreproductionvtra
ct.vOxytocinvbindsvtovmyoepithelialvcellsvinvmammaryvtissuesvandvcausesvthevcontractionvofvthosev
cells.v"letvdown"vreflex