BS 161 MSU FALL 18 Final Exam Study Guide questions with answers

BS 161 MSU FALL 18 Final Exam Study
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Guide questions with answers |\ |\ |\




receptor activation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The "turning on" of
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a receptor, which often occurs when a signaling molecule binds
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to a receptor on a responding cell.
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signal transduction - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The process in
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which an extracellular molecule acts as a signal to activate a
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receptor, which transmits information through the cytoplasm.
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response - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A change in cellular behavior,
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such as activation of enzymes or genes, following a signal.
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termination - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔In protein translation, the |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


time at which the addition of amino acids stops and the
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completed polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome. In
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cell communication, the stopping of a signal.
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endocrine signaling - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Signaling by
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molecules that travel through the bloodstream. |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




paracrine signaling - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Signaling by a
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molecule that travels a short distance to the nearest neighboring
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cell to bind its receptor and deliver its message.
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,growth factor - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Any one of a group of
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small, soluble molecules, usually the signal in paracrine signaling,
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that affect cell growth, cell division, and changes in gene
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expression.


autocrine signaling - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Signaling between
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different parts of a cell; the signaling cell and the responding cell
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are one and the same.
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Neurons have what transmembrane protein? - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔delta |\




Cells with activated notch transmembrane proteins become? -
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CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔glial cells |\ |\ |\




What type of molecule is the delta protein? - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔signaling
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Is notch a signaling molecule or receptor? - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔receptor


ligand - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Alternative term for a signaling
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molecule that binds with a receptor, usually a protein.
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ligand-binding site - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The specific location |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


on the receptor protein where a signaling molecule binds.
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,G protein-coupled receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A receptor
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that couples to G proteins, which bind to the guanine nucleotides
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GTP and GDP.
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G protein - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A protein that binds to the
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guanine nucleotides GTP and GDP. |\ |\ |\ |\




receptor kinase - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A receptor that is an
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enzyme that adds a phosphate group to another molecule.
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phosphatase - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔An enzyme that removes a |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


phosphate group from another molecule.
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ion channels - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cell-surface receptors that
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open and close, thereby altering the flow of ions across the
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plasma membrane. |\




What two characteristics do G-protein coupled receptors have? -
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CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔First, they have a similar structure,
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consisting of a single polypeptide chain that has seven |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


transmembrane spanning regions, with the ligand-binding site on |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


the outside of the cell and the portion that binds to the G protein
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on the inside of the cell.
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Second, when activated, they associate with a G protein.
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When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, the
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receptor in turn binds to and activates a G protein by causing it
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, to release ______ and bind ______? - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔GDP;GTP


G proteins are active or turned on when bound to ____? G
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proteins are inactive or turned off when bound to ____? -
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CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔GTP;GDP |\ |\




Some G proteins are composed of three subunits, called the? -
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CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Alpha, beta, and gamma subunits.
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The _____ subunit is the part of the G protein that binds to either
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GDP or GTP? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔alpha
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When GDP bound to the α subunit is replaced by GTP, the ____
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subunit separates from the _____ and ____ subunits? - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔Alpha; Beta; Gamma |\ |\ |\




Is the term "G protein" just a shorter name for a G protein-
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coupled receptor? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔No. A G protein-
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coupled receptor is a transmembrane receptor that interacts with
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a G protein located inside the cell on the cytoplasmic side of the
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plasma membrane. |\




denylyl cyclase converts the nucleotide ATP into _____? -
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CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cyclic AMP (cAMP) |\ |\ |\ |\




denylyl cyclase converts the nucleotide ATP into _____? -
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CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cyclic AMP (cAMP) |\ |\ |\ |\