MCB 4150 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Microbiome - Answer -multi-genus/species community of microorganisms that exist
within a defined environment
Human Microbiome - Answer -the beneficial/neutral/adversarial community of bacteria
that live on/in a human host
Parts of the human that are densely populated with microbes: - Answer --
Gastrointestinal Tract
-Oral Cavity
-Vagina
-Skin
What is microbial diversity involved in? - Answer --Biogeochemical cycling
-Infectious disease
-Microbial Degradation
-Aquatic microbiology
-Oxidation/Reduction reactions
-Biotechnology
How long have microbes evolved for? - Answer -~3.9 billion years
Haeckel's 3 Kingdom Phylogeny - Answer -Was the 1st attempt to categorize life
1.) Plants
2.) Animals
3.) Monera/ microorganisms
Whittaker's 5 Kingdom Classification Scheme - Answer -1.) Plants
2.) Animals
3.) Fungi
4.) Protista
5.) Monera/ microorganisms
Woese's 3 Domains - Answer -Groundbreaking because it showed the prokaryotes can
be divided into 2 domains of Bacteria and Archaea
And showed that majority of Eukaryotes are also made up of microorganisms
1.) Bacteria
2.) Archaea
3.) Eukarya
Leeuwenhoek: - Answer --built a microscope with a single lens that had a magnification
of 200x
-1st to discover and describe bacteria, but called them "wee animalcules"
, Spallanzani - Answer --tried to disprove SG
-put broth into a sealed container and sterilized it with heat, and showed no microbial
life grew
-was not accepted by people because the container was sealed, so they argued "life
force" inside was killed off
Pasteur - Answer --father of microbiology and immunology
-found that pathogens/bacteria cause disease
-discovered chirality and stereochemisty
-found microbial origin of fermentation
-treatment and prevention of rabies, cholera, and anthrax
-disproved SG/Vitalism by using his Swan-necked Flask experiments, where he
essentially did the same thing as Spallanzani, but because his container was open,
people could not argue the "life force" could not get inside
Koch - Answer --developed Postulates/methods to culture and isolate bacteria
-methods to obtain pure cultures/ "Pure Culture Paradigm"
-saw that colonies grew on a potato slice when incubated in air, and each colony must
have come from a single bacteria
-colonies had characteristic morphologies of shape, size, and color, which he believed
could be used to classify species much like in animals
-discovered specific bacteria that causes tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and
cholera
Koch's Postulates - Answer --a specific microorganism must be present in all disease
-the organism must be obtained via pure culture
-When inoculated into a "fresh" host, microorganism will cause the disease
-microorganism must be obtained via pure culture from infected host
What is agar? - Answer --polysaccharides extracted from certain types of red algae
-melts at 100*C and remains molten at temps above 45*C
-allows heat-sensitive nutrients and microbes to be mixed in
-better alternative than gelatin because many microbes can't break agar down
-also still remains firm at relatively high incubation temps for heat resistant microbes
Winogradsky - Answer --discovered chemolithotrophy
-significant because it was believed only phototrophs were autotrophic
-first to understand metabolic significance of biogeochemical processes
-created Winogradsky Column
-isolated N-fixing bacteria in soil
Beijerinck - Answer --1st microbial ecologist
-cultured 1st pure cultures of: N-fixing bacteria, SO4- reducing bacteria, S- oxidizing
bacteria, and green algae
-developed Selective Enrichment Culture to do so ^
-1st to describe viruses and demonstrate their infectious nature
Microbiome - Answer -multi-genus/species community of microorganisms that exist
within a defined environment
Human Microbiome - Answer -the beneficial/neutral/adversarial community of bacteria
that live on/in a human host
Parts of the human that are densely populated with microbes: - Answer --
Gastrointestinal Tract
-Oral Cavity
-Vagina
-Skin
What is microbial diversity involved in? - Answer --Biogeochemical cycling
-Infectious disease
-Microbial Degradation
-Aquatic microbiology
-Oxidation/Reduction reactions
-Biotechnology
How long have microbes evolved for? - Answer -~3.9 billion years
Haeckel's 3 Kingdom Phylogeny - Answer -Was the 1st attempt to categorize life
1.) Plants
2.) Animals
3.) Monera/ microorganisms
Whittaker's 5 Kingdom Classification Scheme - Answer -1.) Plants
2.) Animals
3.) Fungi
4.) Protista
5.) Monera/ microorganisms
Woese's 3 Domains - Answer -Groundbreaking because it showed the prokaryotes can
be divided into 2 domains of Bacteria and Archaea
And showed that majority of Eukaryotes are also made up of microorganisms
1.) Bacteria
2.) Archaea
3.) Eukarya
Leeuwenhoek: - Answer --built a microscope with a single lens that had a magnification
of 200x
-1st to discover and describe bacteria, but called them "wee animalcules"
, Spallanzani - Answer --tried to disprove SG
-put broth into a sealed container and sterilized it with heat, and showed no microbial
life grew
-was not accepted by people because the container was sealed, so they argued "life
force" inside was killed off
Pasteur - Answer --father of microbiology and immunology
-found that pathogens/bacteria cause disease
-discovered chirality and stereochemisty
-found microbial origin of fermentation
-treatment and prevention of rabies, cholera, and anthrax
-disproved SG/Vitalism by using his Swan-necked Flask experiments, where he
essentially did the same thing as Spallanzani, but because his container was open,
people could not argue the "life force" could not get inside
Koch - Answer --developed Postulates/methods to culture and isolate bacteria
-methods to obtain pure cultures/ "Pure Culture Paradigm"
-saw that colonies grew on a potato slice when incubated in air, and each colony must
have come from a single bacteria
-colonies had characteristic morphologies of shape, size, and color, which he believed
could be used to classify species much like in animals
-discovered specific bacteria that causes tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and
cholera
Koch's Postulates - Answer --a specific microorganism must be present in all disease
-the organism must be obtained via pure culture
-When inoculated into a "fresh" host, microorganism will cause the disease
-microorganism must be obtained via pure culture from infected host
What is agar? - Answer --polysaccharides extracted from certain types of red algae
-melts at 100*C and remains molten at temps above 45*C
-allows heat-sensitive nutrients and microbes to be mixed in
-better alternative than gelatin because many microbes can't break agar down
-also still remains firm at relatively high incubation temps for heat resistant microbes
Winogradsky - Answer --discovered chemolithotrophy
-significant because it was believed only phototrophs were autotrophic
-first to understand metabolic significance of biogeochemical processes
-created Winogradsky Column
-isolated N-fixing bacteria in soil
Beijerinck - Answer --1st microbial ecologist
-cultured 1st pure cultures of: N-fixing bacteria, SO4- reducing bacteria, S- oxidizing
bacteria, and green algae
-developed Selective Enrichment Culture to do so ^
-1st to describe viruses and demonstrate their infectious nature
