PSYC 140 MIDTERM 3 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Stereotypes - ANS beliefs about the attributes of a group of people
-we do this because its easy (shortcut)
-resistant to change (confirmation bias, used to justify behavior)
-the cognitive component
Subtyping - ANS we create a category for exceptions to a stereotype
Prejudice - ANS an unjustified negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people,
based solely on their membership in that group
-the affective component
-not always explicitly negative - benevolent sexism
Discrimination - ANS unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members
-the behavioral component
Racism - ANS an individuals prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people
of a given race
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,-also institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a
given race
-similar definitions for sexism
Modern racism - ANS a more subtle form of racism; more socially acceptable
Characteristics of modern racism - ANS -believe it is wrong to be prejudiced
-believe racism no longer exists
-believe that certain groups have been pushing too hard for equal rights
-believe that the government has given certain groups too much preferential treatment
Realistic group conflict - ANS prejudice and discrimination are likely to arise when groups
compete for limited resources
-an economic explanation for prejudice and discrimination
Examples of realistic group conflict - ANS working class Americans showed most anti-Black
prejudice following the civil rights movement (competition for jobs)
Israelis and Palestinians (competition for land)
Socialization - ANS direct obsersvation of others
Faceism - ANS In print media, 2/3 of the average male photo was devoted to the face; less
than half of female ads were devoted to the face.
In-group bias - ANS tendency to favor one's group
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, In-group - ANS "us"-a group who shares a sense of belonging and feeling of common identity
(e.g. UCR students, Californians)
Out-group - ANS "Them" - a group perceived as distinctively different or apart from the in-
group
(e.g. USC students, Southerners)
Minimal group paradigm (Tajfel) - ANS create groups that have no social reality (randomly
place people in groups)
Klee and Kindinsky study - ANS students were asked which abstract painting they preferred
and then asked to allocate money to other participants
(only information given was painting preference)
showed in-group bias and gave more money to those who liked the same painting they did
Standford prison study - ANS -randomly assigned participants to be either prisoners or guards
-intended to run for 2 weeks, closed down after 6 days
-"Guards" became sadistic, "prisoners" became depressed, showed signs of extreme stress
Out-group homogeneity effect - ANS perception of out-group members as being more similar
to one another than in-group members
-Own-race bias: better at recognizing people from own-race
-Line-up studies: worse when looking for a person that is from different race/ethnic group
Just-world beliefs - ANS belief that the world is just and that people get what they deserve
- Carli and colleagues date scenario study
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Stereotypes - ANS beliefs about the attributes of a group of people
-we do this because its easy (shortcut)
-resistant to change (confirmation bias, used to justify behavior)
-the cognitive component
Subtyping - ANS we create a category for exceptions to a stereotype
Prejudice - ANS an unjustified negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people,
based solely on their membership in that group
-the affective component
-not always explicitly negative - benevolent sexism
Discrimination - ANS unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members
-the behavioral component
Racism - ANS an individuals prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people
of a given race
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,-also institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a
given race
-similar definitions for sexism
Modern racism - ANS a more subtle form of racism; more socially acceptable
Characteristics of modern racism - ANS -believe it is wrong to be prejudiced
-believe racism no longer exists
-believe that certain groups have been pushing too hard for equal rights
-believe that the government has given certain groups too much preferential treatment
Realistic group conflict - ANS prejudice and discrimination are likely to arise when groups
compete for limited resources
-an economic explanation for prejudice and discrimination
Examples of realistic group conflict - ANS working class Americans showed most anti-Black
prejudice following the civil rights movement (competition for jobs)
Israelis and Palestinians (competition for land)
Socialization - ANS direct obsersvation of others
Faceism - ANS In print media, 2/3 of the average male photo was devoted to the face; less
than half of female ads were devoted to the face.
In-group bias - ANS tendency to favor one's group
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, In-group - ANS "us"-a group who shares a sense of belonging and feeling of common identity
(e.g. UCR students, Californians)
Out-group - ANS "Them" - a group perceived as distinctively different or apart from the in-
group
(e.g. USC students, Southerners)
Minimal group paradigm (Tajfel) - ANS create groups that have no social reality (randomly
place people in groups)
Klee and Kindinsky study - ANS students were asked which abstract painting they preferred
and then asked to allocate money to other participants
(only information given was painting preference)
showed in-group bias and gave more money to those who liked the same painting they did
Standford prison study - ANS -randomly assigned participants to be either prisoners or guards
-intended to run for 2 weeks, closed down after 6 days
-"Guards" became sadistic, "prisoners" became depressed, showed signs of extreme stress
Out-group homogeneity effect - ANS perception of out-group members as being more similar
to one another than in-group members
-Own-race bias: better at recognizing people from own-race
-Line-up studies: worse when looking for a person that is from different race/ethnic group
Just-world beliefs - ANS belief that the world is just and that people get what they deserve
- Carli and colleagues date scenario study
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
