NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025

NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025 Rheumatoid arthritis - -Autoimmune disorder causing chronic joint inflammation. CBC - -Complete blood count; measures blood components. Hgb - -Hemoglobin; oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Hct - -Hematocrit; percentage of blood volume from red cells. MCV - -Mean corpuscular volume; average red blood cell size. Platelet count - -Number of platelets per microliter of blood. WBC count - -White blood cell count; immune response indicator. Serum haptoglobin - -Protein that binds free hemoglobin in blood. Serum iron concentration - -Amount of iron in serum, measured in micrograms. Total iron binding capacity - -Maximum iron that can bind to transferrin. Percent saturation - -Percentage of transferrin saturated with iron. Serum ferritin concentration - -Indicator of stored iron in the body. Reticulocyte concentration - -Percentage of immature red blood cells in blood. Anemia of chronic disease - -Anemia due to chronic inflammation or illness. Acute blood loss anemia - -Anemia resulting from sudden blood loss. Iron deficiency anemia - -Anemia caused by insufficient iron for hemoglobin. NURS 6501 NURS 6501 NURS 6501 Overwhelming bacterial infection - -Severe infection leading to systemic inflammatory response. Aplastic anemia - -Failure of bone marrow to produce blood cells. Sickle cells - -Abnormally shaped red blood cells in sickle cell disease. Left ventricular hypertrophy - -Thickening of heart's left ventricle due to pressure. Aortic stenosis - -Narrowing of the aortic valve affecting blood flow. Aortic dissection - -Tear in the aorta's inner layer causing pain. Defibrillation - -Electrical shock to restore normal heart rhythm. Tachycardia - -Heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute. AV Dissociation - -Lack of coordination between atrial and ventricular contractions. Wide Complex Tachycardia - -Tachycardia with QRS duration over 120 ms. Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy - -Heart muscle disease with unknown cause, leading to dilation. Ejection Fraction - -Percentage of blood pumped from the heart per beat. Bradycardia - -Heart rate below 60 beats per minute. Blocked Pathway at AV Node - -Interruption of electrical signals at the atrioventricular node. Aortic Stenosis - -Narrowing of the aortic valve, restricting blood flow. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) - -Cancer of the blood affecting lymphoid cells. Hematocrit (Hct) - -Percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells. Microcytic Anemia - -Anemia characterized by small, hypochromic red blood cells. Peripheral Blood Smear - -Microscopic examination of blood to assess cell types. TdT Positive - -Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase positivity indicates lymphoid lineage. HgB - -Hemoglobin concentration in blood, indicating oxygen-carrying capacity. NURS 6501 Platelet Count - -Number of platelets in a given volume of blood. Flow Cytometry - -Technique to analyze cell characteristics using fluorescent markers. Reticulocyte Count - -Measurement of young red blood cells in circulation. Hypochromic Cells - -Red blood cells with reduced hemoglobin content. Maxillofacial Deformities - -Abnormalities in facial structure often due to anemia. Echocardiogram - -Ultrasound imaging to assess heart structure and function. Chest X-ray - -Radiographic imaging to visualize heart and lung conditions. Coronary Artery Disease - -Narrowing of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup. Syncopal Episode - -Temporary loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow. Erythrocyte membrane fragility - -Increased susceptibility to rupture under stress. Hemoglobin F synthesis - -Reduced production of fetal hemoglobin in adults. Microcytic anemia - -Anemia characterized by smaller than normal red blood cells. Hypochromic anemia - -Anemia with reduced hemoglobin content in red blood cells. Gastrointestinal blood loss - -Loss of blood from the digestive tract. Prothrombin time (PT) - -Test measuring time for blood to clot. Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) - -Test assessing the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Template bleeding time - -Test measuring time for bleeding to stop. Vitamin C deficiency - -Condition leading to scurvy and bleeding issues. Von Willebrand disease - -Genetic disorder affecting blood clotting ability. Platelet aggregation - -Clumping of platelets to form a blood clot. Iron deficiency anemia - -Anemia due to insufficient iron for hemoglobin. Acute myocardial infarction - -Heart attack caused by blocked blood flow. Ejection fraction - -Percentage of blood pumped out of the heart. NURS 6501 NURS 6501 NURS 6501 Pulmonary edema - -Fluid accumulation in the lungs causing breathlessness. Increased hydrostatic pressure - -Elevated pressure in blood vessels causing fluid leakage. Tetralogy of Fallot - -Congenital heart defect with four anatomical abnormalities. Pulmonary stenosis - -Narrowing of the outflow tract from the right ventricle. Chronic renal failure - -Gradual loss of kidney function over time. Macronodular cirrhosis - -Liver disease characterized by large nodules. Beta thalassemia - -Genetic disorder reducing hemoglobin production. Pernicious anemia - -Anemia due to vitamin B12 absorption issues. Fibrinogen level - -Measure of a protein essential for blood clotting. Degree of Pulmonary Stenosis - -Severity of narrowing in the pulmonary artery. Acute Shortness of Breath (SOB) - -Sudden difficulty in breathing, often requiring immediate care. Respiratory Alkalosis - -Condition caused by decreased carbon dioxide levels. Metabolic Alkalosis - -Increase in blood pH due to bicarbonate retention. Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-diuretic Hormone (SIADH) - -Excessive release of ADH leading to water retention. Asthma Diagnosis Indicators - -Symptoms include wheezing and improved FEV1 after bronchodilator. Typical Tuberculosis Symptoms - -Common signs include weight loss and night sweats. Chest X-Ray - -Initial imaging test for respiratory symptoms evaluation. Restrictive Lung Disease - -Characterized by decreased lung expansion and compliance. Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) - -Measures lung volume, capacity, and flow rates. Oxygen Saturation - -Percentage of oxygen in the blood, normal is 95-100%. Vital Signs - -Key indicators of health: temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure. NURS 6501 Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) - -Test measuring pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in blood. Hypoxemia - -Low oxygen levels in the blood, indicated by PaO2. Hypercapnia - -Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - -Progressive lung disease causing breathing difficulties. Bronchodilator - -Medication that relaxes and opens airways in lungs. WBC Count - -Indicator of immune response, normal range is 4,000-11,000/mm3. Hemoptysis - -Coughing up blood, often associated with lung disease. Fever - -Elevated body temperature, often indicating infection. Cough with Purulent Sputum - -Cough producing thick, yellow or green mucus