PORTAGE LEARNING MICROBIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM 2026 EXAM REVIEW FULL Q&A STUDY
GUIDE
◉ What does opsonization mean? Answer: The process at which
opsonins bind to the surface of the antigen so that the antigen will
be readily identified and engulfed by phagocytes for destruction.
Examples of opsonins are antibody molecules such as the IgM that
are capable of activating the complement system to increase the
susceptibility of antigens to phagocytosis.
◉ What makes an antigen a good immunogen? Answer: In summary,
a good immunogen has three chemical features:
- It must have an epitope that can be recognized by the cell-surface
antibody found on B cells.
- It must have at least one site that can be recognized
simultaneously by a class II protein and by a T-cell receptor.
- Usually, it must be degradable. These three properties are the only
intrinsic chemical features needed for a molecule to elicit a strong
antibody response.
◉ How do bacteria evade the immune system? Answer: ...
,◉ What are cytokines and what role do they play in immune
response? Answer: ...
◉ What does complement do to bacteria? Answer: ...
◉ Information storage molecule Answer: DNA
◉ Temporary information storage molecule that can sometimes
catalyze chemical reactions Answer: RNA
◉ Composed of amino acids and perform a wide variety of functions
for cells Answer: Protein / Enzyme
◉ Composed of phospholipid bi-Iayer, separates "in" from "out"
enables the production of ATP by harnessing chemical gradients
Answer: cell membrane
◉ A symbiotic relationship in which one partner is harmed and the
other is benefited Answer: parasitic
◉ A symbiotic relationship in which both partners benefit Answer:
mutualist
,◉ "eating together" - occurs when organisms rely on each other's
presence in an ecosystem for their own survival Answer: syntrophy
◉ Contains reactive oxygen molecules, low pH, and enzymes that
destroy bacterial cells after phagocytosis Answer: lysosome
◉ Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Answer: MRSA
◉ An exotoxin that causes systematic inflammatory response,
overwhelming the immune system and damaging organs in the
human body Answer: super antigen
◉ Small molecules used to scavenge iron within the human body
enabling bacterial pathogens to gain access to this essential nutrient
Answer: siderophore
◉ A technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences enabling the
detection of microbes containing those sequences Answer: PCR
◉ A needle like assemblage of proteins that enables pathogens to
inject proteins into host cells Answer: Type III Secretion
◉ Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns Answer: PAMP
, ◉ Pattern Recognition Molecules Answer: PRM
◉ A hospital acquired infection Answer: Nosocomial
◉ A "chunk" of DNA that can move from one double-stranded DNA
molecule to another Answer: Transposon
◉ Hair-like protrusions used to attach to surfaces Answer: Fimbriae
◉ lipopolysaccharide Answer: LPS
◉ Extracellular polymeric substance Answer: EPS
◉ Major histocompatability complex Answer: MHC
◉ Protein and RNA complex used to manufacture proteins Answer:
ribosome
◉ Antibiotic containing a beta-Iactam ring that prevents cell wall
synthesis Answer: penicillin
◉ Deactivated toxin used to immunize against that toxin Answer:
toxoid
EXAM 2026 EXAM REVIEW FULL Q&A STUDY
GUIDE
◉ What does opsonization mean? Answer: The process at which
opsonins bind to the surface of the antigen so that the antigen will
be readily identified and engulfed by phagocytes for destruction.
Examples of opsonins are antibody molecules such as the IgM that
are capable of activating the complement system to increase the
susceptibility of antigens to phagocytosis.
◉ What makes an antigen a good immunogen? Answer: In summary,
a good immunogen has three chemical features:
- It must have an epitope that can be recognized by the cell-surface
antibody found on B cells.
- It must have at least one site that can be recognized
simultaneously by a class II protein and by a T-cell receptor.
- Usually, it must be degradable. These three properties are the only
intrinsic chemical features needed for a molecule to elicit a strong
antibody response.
◉ How do bacteria evade the immune system? Answer: ...
,◉ What are cytokines and what role do they play in immune
response? Answer: ...
◉ What does complement do to bacteria? Answer: ...
◉ Information storage molecule Answer: DNA
◉ Temporary information storage molecule that can sometimes
catalyze chemical reactions Answer: RNA
◉ Composed of amino acids and perform a wide variety of functions
for cells Answer: Protein / Enzyme
◉ Composed of phospholipid bi-Iayer, separates "in" from "out"
enables the production of ATP by harnessing chemical gradients
Answer: cell membrane
◉ A symbiotic relationship in which one partner is harmed and the
other is benefited Answer: parasitic
◉ A symbiotic relationship in which both partners benefit Answer:
mutualist
,◉ "eating together" - occurs when organisms rely on each other's
presence in an ecosystem for their own survival Answer: syntrophy
◉ Contains reactive oxygen molecules, low pH, and enzymes that
destroy bacterial cells after phagocytosis Answer: lysosome
◉ Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Answer: MRSA
◉ An exotoxin that causes systematic inflammatory response,
overwhelming the immune system and damaging organs in the
human body Answer: super antigen
◉ Small molecules used to scavenge iron within the human body
enabling bacterial pathogens to gain access to this essential nutrient
Answer: siderophore
◉ A technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences enabling the
detection of microbes containing those sequences Answer: PCR
◉ A needle like assemblage of proteins that enables pathogens to
inject proteins into host cells Answer: Type III Secretion
◉ Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns Answer: PAMP
, ◉ Pattern Recognition Molecules Answer: PRM
◉ A hospital acquired infection Answer: Nosocomial
◉ A "chunk" of DNA that can move from one double-stranded DNA
molecule to another Answer: Transposon
◉ Hair-like protrusions used to attach to surfaces Answer: Fimbriae
◉ lipopolysaccharide Answer: LPS
◉ Extracellular polymeric substance Answer: EPS
◉ Major histocompatability complex Answer: MHC
◉ Protein and RNA complex used to manufacture proteins Answer:
ribosome
◉ Antibiotic containing a beta-Iactam ring that prevents cell wall
synthesis Answer: penicillin
◉ Deactivated toxin used to immunize against that toxin Answer:
toxoid
