3.1: The Impact of War: 1939 - 1945 RATIONING THE TOTAL WAR ECONOMY: 1939 - 1942
Aims: (1) To ensure autarky if necessary. (2) To avoid running out Aims: (1) To build more tanks. (2) To increase ammunition supplies
ALLIED BOMBING of food/raw materials
Aims: (1) To destroy industrial targets. (2) To lower German Fritz Todt: Minister for Armaments 1940-42. Promoted a
Morale/Raise support for allies. When + Why: 27th August 1939. Concerned over Morale: WW1= greater sense of industrial responsibility - lessened military
inadequacies of rationing system/unfair distribution. Flourishing influence over industrialists. Killed in a plane crash in 1942.
Air-Raids: Start 1940: not prepared in '39, need improved tech + black market
Chamberlin PM (seeks peace diplomatically). B Naval blockade: prevents Policies: Partial economic mobilisation: 55% by 1941. Decree
goods into G. Autarky: good headway in industry, less in food/farming. Policies: Nov 1939: 'Clothing Card' (Reichskleiderkarte): points- for war production: 'Rationalisation Decree' Dec 1941 = to
based system = items. Food/Prices controlled via Price reform the economy + eliminate waste. Fritz Todt: Minister of
Cologne (31st May 1942): Attacked industrial targets/towns, Commissioner. Random checks on quantity of items owned Armaments 1940-42
inc. Essen + Bremen. Attacks known '1000 bomber raids' - sent
1047 planes with 1455 tons dropped. First concept of bomber
stream - overwhelms G radar. 3000+ buildings destroyed, 9000 Impacts Evaluation/Judgement
more damaged, 486 killed. Impacts minimal - 2000 fires but no
national issues + industry open Individual Citizens: Started in 1939, not felt until 1944. Successful Unsuccessful
Mohne Dam (May 1943): Aim to destroy 3 dams: destroyed 2.
Shortages via naval blockade balanced via supplies from Small increases in Armaments production
conquered lands. Rationed soap, toilet paper, hot water, tank/plane production low: planes increased
Short-Term impacts: 1300 dead due to flooding, impact on
sweets - limited dairy/meat. 1945: Chaotic Govt/society - 1939-41: military from 8000 to 10,500 by
livestock/farming. Long-Term impacts: hopeful for crisis but June 1941
black market flourished + ration cards ignored. expenditure x2+, BUT
doesn't happen - damns rebuilt + not re-attacked. No effect. Britain's x3 Production undermined
Industrial leaders given via Polycratic Nature of
Hamburg Firestorm (1943): 30-40,000 killed, temps 1000C - German Morale: Response 'virtually unparalleled by any State
greater decision
firestorm: leads to evacuations/refugees to countryside. July- other incident during the war'. Worker productivity in big making, improving Labour Shortage via
Aug: repeatedly bombed by British/USA. Contains cities/industrial areas declined. Housewives forced to production conscription - 24.5m in
manufacturing plants, transportation centres + 2 shipyards. adjust recipes, i.e. 20-20% barley flour in bread. 1939, 20m 1940 - used
BUT: 5m later rebuilding: 80% production back foreign labour to fill
Evaluation/Judgement gaps
Dresden: Controversial: 3m before end of war. Contained large Sept 1939: women
number of refugees. No military/industrial targets. 150,000 37% of workforce
killed + 70% property destroyed Successful Unsuccessful GDP % higher than
Shared resources + made Prospect of defeat = chaotic Britain '37/38, but
Impacts on the Home Front more for military. Population governance. Ration cards no outplayed '39-41:
Effective Ineffective not affected until 1944 longer honoured - reliance on (47/60% in '41)
Direct impact on morale. Bombing + propaganda united black market
Increased Nazi propaganda leads people – no morale collapse.
to false sense of victory. By 1943 Affected ONLY if in a place that
growing dissatisfaction with Nazi was bombed - only 1/3 nationally.
response 1/13 evacuated + lose homes OPPOSITION
Youth Church Communists The Elite The Army
Joined Swing Youth/Edelweiss Dietrich Bonhoeffer - Formed the 'Red The Kreisau Circle - July Bomb Plot (Operation
Pirates - underground joined G resistance + plan Orchestra' via formulated 'Basic Valkyrie) by Gen. Ludwig
Impacts on the Economy clubs/weekend hikes attacking to assassinate Hitler. codewords, i.e. Radio Principles for the New Beck, Goerdeler + Colonel
Effective Ineffective HY. SOME Edelweiss Pirate Formed the Confessing operators = pianists. Order' (Post-H plan). Von Stauffenburg. Failed
1942: Bombing of Ruhr = steel Limited impacts on industry - branches attack military Church - arrested in 1942, Infiltrated Govt/military To end war in the West to kill H - plotters arrested
production falls 200,000 tons. sights rebuilt + bombed once. targets/nazi officials - kill head hanged 1945. Church sites as spies for USSR. but not East. Rid a + executed. H arrested
Workforce damaged + civilian Industrial output disrupted but of Cologne Gestapo. 'The opposition individual not Destroyed by Gestapo populist dictatorship 7000+ opponents + 5000
deaths 600,000 - leave cities for never dropped significantly (BUT White Rose' - Hans/Sophie institutional - never 1942 but avoid true of killed. Oskar Schindler:
countryside. Communications did not increase!). Extremely Scholl, printed criticised Jewish policy democracy saved lives of 1000
disrupted - underground industry limited effects at best leaflets/attacked Jewish Polish-Jewish refuges via
THE+ focus
begins TOTAL WAR
shifts ECONOMY: 1942 - 1945
to anti- THE TOTAL
policy/spiritual WAR
+ moral values ECONOMY: OVERALL EVALUATION TOPIC ANALYSIS
employment in factories.
aircraft installations of regime
Key Question: What was the Impact
Aims: (1) To sustain a war on multiple fronts. (2) To keep Emerging Problems
Evaluation
industrial production/economy / Judgement
productive despite allied of the WW2 on Germany and how did
Evaluation/Judgement
bombing. (3) Total commitment of all human/material it contribute to the Regime’s
Aresources
militarily significant WasteOpposition only became
+ Inefficiency: Slow to serious July- shortages,
centralise 1944. Active Resistanceduplication,
bottlenecks, failed to overthrow the Regime.
waste. 1940: B 1/2 asRegime
G, ended by military defeat and H suicide.
collapse?
to war. but ethically fraught campaign. Limited impacts,
but 50% more aircraft, x11 more armoured cars + nearly as many tanks. Stockpiling resources at local
merely short-term not long-term. Overly ineffective.
levels
Aims: (1) To ensure autarky if necessary. (2) To avoid running out Aims: (1) To build more tanks. (2) To increase ammunition supplies
ALLIED BOMBING of food/raw materials
Aims: (1) To destroy industrial targets. (2) To lower German Fritz Todt: Minister for Armaments 1940-42. Promoted a
Morale/Raise support for allies. When + Why: 27th August 1939. Concerned over Morale: WW1= greater sense of industrial responsibility - lessened military
inadequacies of rationing system/unfair distribution. Flourishing influence over industrialists. Killed in a plane crash in 1942.
Air-Raids: Start 1940: not prepared in '39, need improved tech + black market
Chamberlin PM (seeks peace diplomatically). B Naval blockade: prevents Policies: Partial economic mobilisation: 55% by 1941. Decree
goods into G. Autarky: good headway in industry, less in food/farming. Policies: Nov 1939: 'Clothing Card' (Reichskleiderkarte): points- for war production: 'Rationalisation Decree' Dec 1941 = to
based system = items. Food/Prices controlled via Price reform the economy + eliminate waste. Fritz Todt: Minister of
Cologne (31st May 1942): Attacked industrial targets/towns, Commissioner. Random checks on quantity of items owned Armaments 1940-42
inc. Essen + Bremen. Attacks known '1000 bomber raids' - sent
1047 planes with 1455 tons dropped. First concept of bomber
stream - overwhelms G radar. 3000+ buildings destroyed, 9000 Impacts Evaluation/Judgement
more damaged, 486 killed. Impacts minimal - 2000 fires but no
national issues + industry open Individual Citizens: Started in 1939, not felt until 1944. Successful Unsuccessful
Mohne Dam (May 1943): Aim to destroy 3 dams: destroyed 2.
Shortages via naval blockade balanced via supplies from Small increases in Armaments production
conquered lands. Rationed soap, toilet paper, hot water, tank/plane production low: planes increased
Short-Term impacts: 1300 dead due to flooding, impact on
sweets - limited dairy/meat. 1945: Chaotic Govt/society - 1939-41: military from 8000 to 10,500 by
livestock/farming. Long-Term impacts: hopeful for crisis but June 1941
black market flourished + ration cards ignored. expenditure x2+, BUT
doesn't happen - damns rebuilt + not re-attacked. No effect. Britain's x3 Production undermined
Industrial leaders given via Polycratic Nature of
Hamburg Firestorm (1943): 30-40,000 killed, temps 1000C - German Morale: Response 'virtually unparalleled by any State
greater decision
firestorm: leads to evacuations/refugees to countryside. July- other incident during the war'. Worker productivity in big making, improving Labour Shortage via
Aug: repeatedly bombed by British/USA. Contains cities/industrial areas declined. Housewives forced to production conscription - 24.5m in
manufacturing plants, transportation centres + 2 shipyards. adjust recipes, i.e. 20-20% barley flour in bread. 1939, 20m 1940 - used
BUT: 5m later rebuilding: 80% production back foreign labour to fill
Evaluation/Judgement gaps
Dresden: Controversial: 3m before end of war. Contained large Sept 1939: women
number of refugees. No military/industrial targets. 150,000 37% of workforce
killed + 70% property destroyed Successful Unsuccessful GDP % higher than
Shared resources + made Prospect of defeat = chaotic Britain '37/38, but
Impacts on the Home Front more for military. Population governance. Ration cards no outplayed '39-41:
Effective Ineffective not affected until 1944 longer honoured - reliance on (47/60% in '41)
Direct impact on morale. Bombing + propaganda united black market
Increased Nazi propaganda leads people – no morale collapse.
to false sense of victory. By 1943 Affected ONLY if in a place that
growing dissatisfaction with Nazi was bombed - only 1/3 nationally.
response 1/13 evacuated + lose homes OPPOSITION
Youth Church Communists The Elite The Army
Joined Swing Youth/Edelweiss Dietrich Bonhoeffer - Formed the 'Red The Kreisau Circle - July Bomb Plot (Operation
Pirates - underground joined G resistance + plan Orchestra' via formulated 'Basic Valkyrie) by Gen. Ludwig
Impacts on the Economy clubs/weekend hikes attacking to assassinate Hitler. codewords, i.e. Radio Principles for the New Beck, Goerdeler + Colonel
Effective Ineffective HY. SOME Edelweiss Pirate Formed the Confessing operators = pianists. Order' (Post-H plan). Von Stauffenburg. Failed
1942: Bombing of Ruhr = steel Limited impacts on industry - branches attack military Church - arrested in 1942, Infiltrated Govt/military To end war in the West to kill H - plotters arrested
production falls 200,000 tons. sights rebuilt + bombed once. targets/nazi officials - kill head hanged 1945. Church sites as spies for USSR. but not East. Rid a + executed. H arrested
Workforce damaged + civilian Industrial output disrupted but of Cologne Gestapo. 'The opposition individual not Destroyed by Gestapo populist dictatorship 7000+ opponents + 5000
deaths 600,000 - leave cities for never dropped significantly (BUT White Rose' - Hans/Sophie institutional - never 1942 but avoid true of killed. Oskar Schindler:
countryside. Communications did not increase!). Extremely Scholl, printed criticised Jewish policy democracy saved lives of 1000
disrupted - underground industry limited effects at best leaflets/attacked Jewish Polish-Jewish refuges via
THE+ focus
begins TOTAL WAR
shifts ECONOMY: 1942 - 1945
to anti- THE TOTAL
policy/spiritual WAR
+ moral values ECONOMY: OVERALL EVALUATION TOPIC ANALYSIS
employment in factories.
aircraft installations of regime
Key Question: What was the Impact
Aims: (1) To sustain a war on multiple fronts. (2) To keep Emerging Problems
Evaluation
industrial production/economy / Judgement
productive despite allied of the WW2 on Germany and how did
Evaluation/Judgement
bombing. (3) Total commitment of all human/material it contribute to the Regime’s
Aresources
militarily significant WasteOpposition only became
+ Inefficiency: Slow to serious July- shortages,
centralise 1944. Active Resistanceduplication,
bottlenecks, failed to overthrow the Regime.
waste. 1940: B 1/2 asRegime
G, ended by military defeat and H suicide.
collapse?
to war. but ethically fraught campaign. Limited impacts,
but 50% more aircraft, x11 more armoured cars + nearly as many tanks. Stockpiling resources at local
merely short-term not long-term. Overly ineffective.
levels
