1.1: James I + His Parliaments DIVINE RIGHT VS PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGES FINANCE
BACKGROUND 1604 Goodwin Case (Parliamentary Win): J dismissed Financial Setting: Received ordinary income through Parl. via Crown
Goodwin from HoC due to unresolved debts: didn't seek legal Lands, Customs Revenues + Impositions (i.e. recusancy fines paid by
advice. Appointed John Fortescue, a privy councillor in his Catholics)
James: Sexually open. Extravagant/liked to spend money. Many place. Marked the beginning of the estrangement between J
saw him as a coward: due to his aversion to violence. Religiously and Parl. J compromised, holding a re-election: Goodwin re-
tolerant. YET: Numerous expenditures and various structural problems, often
elected. ignored by Parl.
Conflicts with Parl. 1604 Union of England/Scotland (Parliamentary Win): J Ireland needed a Permanent Army Presence, costing £600,000
sought Political Unification, despite differences in Laws, religion English Garrison in Netherlands: Protect Britain
(1) Divine Right VS Parliamentary Privileges: J firm and culture. Parl. rejected proposal: fearful of Parl. becoming a Inflation: income value declined
conviction that his political legitimacy stemmed from God mere provincial assembly with no power. Significant resistance: System riddled with corruption: Rich avoided taxation (DoB,
made him believe that his word should be obeyed. Viewed J forced to shelve scheme. SOLUTION: Symbolic Union via
richest man in country paid £400 tax)
Parl. as subservient to his powers and authority. Parl. Royal Proclamation: called himself King of Great Britan, re-
believed however that J should rule within the laws and designed the royal coat of arms with lion of E balanced by
believed he shouldn’t go beyond, extending to a desire to Unicorn of S + created the ‘Union Jack’ flag after the latin name Inherited Problems: Inherited £420,000 in debt from Elizabeth I. Inflation:
prevent royal absolutism. for James. Parliamentary subsidies worth less. Elizabeth I'st sold crown estates.
Ordinary income didn't cover the cost of Governance.. YET: J had a part
to play through his extravagance, poor financial policies + inability to work
(2) Finance: Ordinary income didn’t cover costs of Govt. J 1606 Bates Case (Monarch Win): Right to collect T&P
with Parl.
was forced to call upon Parl. to supply him with financial conferred to a Monarch at start of reign: J tried to get extra
support through taxes. Parl. not always willing to grant, or taxation: Introduced Custom Farmers, paying £120,000 and
sought concessions in return, called a ‘redress of collected the rest for profit. Gained J a regular, secure income. J Extravagance: J lavished friends with gifts - DoB got
grievances’. Parl. fearful of 'Extra-Parliamentary' taxation. Bates refused to £20,000. J needed to spend on his family: larger than E1st.
pay customs duty on currants - tax not approved by Parl. Judge Included paying for Daughter's wedding/son's funeral, costing
dismissed: J won case. Resulted in the 1608 Book of Rates, £116,000. Increased debt from E from £300,000 to £522,000,
(3) Foreign Policy: Monarch’s royal prerogative to control taxing over 1,000 new items and to £900,000 in 1618. Anti-Supper costing £3000 by James
Foreign Affairs. Parl. believed that they had the Hay. J fond of Jewels, spending £185,000. Robert Cecil tried to
Parliamentary privilege of freedom of speech to discuss all restrain J by making the 'Book of Bounty'.
matters, including Foreign Affairs. Parl. feared J pro- 1610 Great Contract (Parliamentary Win): Robert Cecil’s
Spanish/Catholic policy, whereas Parl. sought to support (Earl of Salisbury) idea for a permanent income for monarch:
Protestants throughout Europe. one-off tax & £200,000 PA to clear the crowns debts. Parl. not Impact of Robert Cecil: Robert Cecil (Lord Treasurer) created
convinced: fears of Absolutism (losing leverage over taxation) 'Book of Bounty': crown couldn't give away land or custom
and J Extravagance (legitimise further unnecessary spending). rights. J gave cash to his favourites instead.
1621 Commons Protestation: Re-Called Parl. to fund FP
Dissolved Parl. in 1611: J vs P attitude. TGC a missed
agenda to recover the Palatinate: Parl. sought explanation
opportunity: Parl. knew J needed more money and J sought
of use of funds: J angry. Some MPs annoyed to see J Financial Policies
concessions: would have provided Parl. more responsibility
bluffing + reluctant to go to war, and J wish for C to marry
the Spanish Infanta. J angry, declaring Parl. to be
Impact of Poor Policies, i.e. Custom Farmers: Sold custom rights and
questioning his Royal Prerogative. Parl. issued 1614: The Addled Parliament: (Parliamentary Win): J recalled Parl. to
contracts to merchants called 'Custom Farmers': Angered Parl.: seen as
protestation, declaring they have the right to exercise free grant extra taxation: debt of £680,000 and deficit of £50,000 PA. Parl.
extra-parliamentary income + Crown lost revenue. Introduced new 'Book
speech. Parl. dissolved until 1624 wanted J to concede collecting impositions: refused: concerned about J
of Rates' in 1604, raising taxes on imports and exports (customs).
extravagance, calling his favourites 'spaniels to the king and wolves to
the people'. Parl. dissolved until 1621
1624 ‘Sea War’ Dispute: 1624: Parl. gained 2 powerful
Inability to work with Parl.: Complete conflict over J belief in DROK -
allies: C + DoB. C furious following The Trip to Madrid in
Reason TGC failed. Fearful of J absolutist intentions, rendering them
1623. J wanted to invest in Navy for war with Spain: sought 1621 Granting Monopolies (Parliamentary Win): J granted
irrelevant constitutionally.
£780,000, gaining only £300,000: MPs concerned about monopolies to sell specific products, receiving a fee in return.
raising taxes: continued fear of absolutism. Introduced 'The Parl. feared corruption: impeached some of the monopolists,
Subsidy Act' on condition J accepted restrictions on use: a like Sir Giles Mompesson. Marked a constitutional landmark as The Great Contract: Agreement where parl. would pay off J
dangerous precedent. first statutory limitation on Royal Prerogative. debts + provide an annual payment of £200,000 to secure a
regular supply. Parl. refused due to fears of J absolutist
Evaluation/Judgement intentions rendering them irrelevant constitutionally + concerns
over his extravagance. Parl. dissolved.
FINANCE
James I’s disputes with ParliamentCONTINUED
highlighted the growing tensions between absolute monarchy and parliamentary government. While JamesFOREIGN
was POLICY
able to maintain his authority, his policies deepened distrust between the Crown and Parliament. His belief in divine right alienated the political Sale of Titles: Sale of Aristocratic Titles such as 'baronets' and
Granting Monopolies: Granted/sold monopolies to people England/Europe in 1603: At resounding
war with Spain since 1585.
elite, setting England on the path toward constitutional conflict in the 17th century. Directly responsible for all issues that followed in the 'earldoms'.
SpanishDe-valuing of peerages
Trip to Madrid 1623:annoyed ancient
J persevered with Spanish
(sole right to import goods) at a high price as guaranteed to Anti-Catholic/Spanish motivation for E1st FP. Broadly Pro-Protestant:
years later – Divine Right a pivotal and infamous precedent that weakened the country. landowners. Collected
Match: sent £90,885
C & DoB 1611-14.
to Madrid due to poor health,
make profit. Controlled the whole market: put up prices so some attempt made to support those in Netherlands. travelling incognito. Spanish refused entry: refused marital
unpopular. 1621: MPs criticised them, so J revoked 20.
date and terms. Seen as Heroes for not sealing the
Attitudes + Aims to FP:
marriage: Blessed Revolution of 1624.
Cockayne’s Scheme: Proposed J could make profit if cloth
BACKGROUND 1604 Goodwin Case (Parliamentary Win): J dismissed Financial Setting: Received ordinary income through Parl. via Crown
Goodwin from HoC due to unresolved debts: didn't seek legal Lands, Customs Revenues + Impositions (i.e. recusancy fines paid by
advice. Appointed John Fortescue, a privy councillor in his Catholics)
James: Sexually open. Extravagant/liked to spend money. Many place. Marked the beginning of the estrangement between J
saw him as a coward: due to his aversion to violence. Religiously and Parl. J compromised, holding a re-election: Goodwin re-
tolerant. YET: Numerous expenditures and various structural problems, often
elected. ignored by Parl.
Conflicts with Parl. 1604 Union of England/Scotland (Parliamentary Win): J Ireland needed a Permanent Army Presence, costing £600,000
sought Political Unification, despite differences in Laws, religion English Garrison in Netherlands: Protect Britain
(1) Divine Right VS Parliamentary Privileges: J firm and culture. Parl. rejected proposal: fearful of Parl. becoming a Inflation: income value declined
conviction that his political legitimacy stemmed from God mere provincial assembly with no power. Significant resistance: System riddled with corruption: Rich avoided taxation (DoB,
made him believe that his word should be obeyed. Viewed J forced to shelve scheme. SOLUTION: Symbolic Union via
richest man in country paid £400 tax)
Parl. as subservient to his powers and authority. Parl. Royal Proclamation: called himself King of Great Britan, re-
believed however that J should rule within the laws and designed the royal coat of arms with lion of E balanced by
believed he shouldn’t go beyond, extending to a desire to Unicorn of S + created the ‘Union Jack’ flag after the latin name Inherited Problems: Inherited £420,000 in debt from Elizabeth I. Inflation:
prevent royal absolutism. for James. Parliamentary subsidies worth less. Elizabeth I'st sold crown estates.
Ordinary income didn't cover the cost of Governance.. YET: J had a part
to play through his extravagance, poor financial policies + inability to work
(2) Finance: Ordinary income didn’t cover costs of Govt. J 1606 Bates Case (Monarch Win): Right to collect T&P
with Parl.
was forced to call upon Parl. to supply him with financial conferred to a Monarch at start of reign: J tried to get extra
support through taxes. Parl. not always willing to grant, or taxation: Introduced Custom Farmers, paying £120,000 and
sought concessions in return, called a ‘redress of collected the rest for profit. Gained J a regular, secure income. J Extravagance: J lavished friends with gifts - DoB got
grievances’. Parl. fearful of 'Extra-Parliamentary' taxation. Bates refused to £20,000. J needed to spend on his family: larger than E1st.
pay customs duty on currants - tax not approved by Parl. Judge Included paying for Daughter's wedding/son's funeral, costing
dismissed: J won case. Resulted in the 1608 Book of Rates, £116,000. Increased debt from E from £300,000 to £522,000,
(3) Foreign Policy: Monarch’s royal prerogative to control taxing over 1,000 new items and to £900,000 in 1618. Anti-Supper costing £3000 by James
Foreign Affairs. Parl. believed that they had the Hay. J fond of Jewels, spending £185,000. Robert Cecil tried to
Parliamentary privilege of freedom of speech to discuss all restrain J by making the 'Book of Bounty'.
matters, including Foreign Affairs. Parl. feared J pro- 1610 Great Contract (Parliamentary Win): Robert Cecil’s
Spanish/Catholic policy, whereas Parl. sought to support (Earl of Salisbury) idea for a permanent income for monarch:
Protestants throughout Europe. one-off tax & £200,000 PA to clear the crowns debts. Parl. not Impact of Robert Cecil: Robert Cecil (Lord Treasurer) created
convinced: fears of Absolutism (losing leverage over taxation) 'Book of Bounty': crown couldn't give away land or custom
and J Extravagance (legitimise further unnecessary spending). rights. J gave cash to his favourites instead.
1621 Commons Protestation: Re-Called Parl. to fund FP
Dissolved Parl. in 1611: J vs P attitude. TGC a missed
agenda to recover the Palatinate: Parl. sought explanation
opportunity: Parl. knew J needed more money and J sought
of use of funds: J angry. Some MPs annoyed to see J Financial Policies
concessions: would have provided Parl. more responsibility
bluffing + reluctant to go to war, and J wish for C to marry
the Spanish Infanta. J angry, declaring Parl. to be
Impact of Poor Policies, i.e. Custom Farmers: Sold custom rights and
questioning his Royal Prerogative. Parl. issued 1614: The Addled Parliament: (Parliamentary Win): J recalled Parl. to
contracts to merchants called 'Custom Farmers': Angered Parl.: seen as
protestation, declaring they have the right to exercise free grant extra taxation: debt of £680,000 and deficit of £50,000 PA. Parl.
extra-parliamentary income + Crown lost revenue. Introduced new 'Book
speech. Parl. dissolved until 1624 wanted J to concede collecting impositions: refused: concerned about J
of Rates' in 1604, raising taxes on imports and exports (customs).
extravagance, calling his favourites 'spaniels to the king and wolves to
the people'. Parl. dissolved until 1621
1624 ‘Sea War’ Dispute: 1624: Parl. gained 2 powerful
Inability to work with Parl.: Complete conflict over J belief in DROK -
allies: C + DoB. C furious following The Trip to Madrid in
Reason TGC failed. Fearful of J absolutist intentions, rendering them
1623. J wanted to invest in Navy for war with Spain: sought 1621 Granting Monopolies (Parliamentary Win): J granted
irrelevant constitutionally.
£780,000, gaining only £300,000: MPs concerned about monopolies to sell specific products, receiving a fee in return.
raising taxes: continued fear of absolutism. Introduced 'The Parl. feared corruption: impeached some of the monopolists,
Subsidy Act' on condition J accepted restrictions on use: a like Sir Giles Mompesson. Marked a constitutional landmark as The Great Contract: Agreement where parl. would pay off J
dangerous precedent. first statutory limitation on Royal Prerogative. debts + provide an annual payment of £200,000 to secure a
regular supply. Parl. refused due to fears of J absolutist
Evaluation/Judgement intentions rendering them irrelevant constitutionally + concerns
over his extravagance. Parl. dissolved.
FINANCE
James I’s disputes with ParliamentCONTINUED
highlighted the growing tensions between absolute monarchy and parliamentary government. While JamesFOREIGN
was POLICY
able to maintain his authority, his policies deepened distrust between the Crown and Parliament. His belief in divine right alienated the political Sale of Titles: Sale of Aristocratic Titles such as 'baronets' and
Granting Monopolies: Granted/sold monopolies to people England/Europe in 1603: At resounding
war with Spain since 1585.
elite, setting England on the path toward constitutional conflict in the 17th century. Directly responsible for all issues that followed in the 'earldoms'.
SpanishDe-valuing of peerages
Trip to Madrid 1623:annoyed ancient
J persevered with Spanish
(sole right to import goods) at a high price as guaranteed to Anti-Catholic/Spanish motivation for E1st FP. Broadly Pro-Protestant:
years later – Divine Right a pivotal and infamous precedent that weakened the country. landowners. Collected
Match: sent £90,885
C & DoB 1611-14.
to Madrid due to poor health,
make profit. Controlled the whole market: put up prices so some attempt made to support those in Netherlands. travelling incognito. Spanish refused entry: refused marital
unpopular. 1621: MPs criticised them, so J revoked 20.
date and terms. Seen as Heroes for not sealing the
Attitudes + Aims to FP:
marriage: Blessed Revolution of 1624.
Cockayne’s Scheme: Proposed J could make profit if cloth
