NRSE 7210 Midterm Exam Q’s and A’s
(Pathophysiology Ohio University)
True Bacteria - -binary fission
-Filamentous bacteria - -branching, mycelium-like structures
-spirochetes - -flexible, spiral, anaerobic
-mycoplasma - -smallest, simplest bacteria
-Rickettsia - -intracellular parasites
-Chlamydia - -Intracellular parasites with complex life cycles
-Gram-negative bacteria - -do not retain crystal violet dye in gram stain process,
lipopolysaccharide coat (ENDOTOXINS)
-gram-positive bacteria - -do retain crystal violet dye in gram stain process
-Virus lifecycle - --attaches to the host cell via protein receptors
-penetrates the host cell
- releases genetic info into host cytoplasm
- RNA enters the host nucleus
- DNA enters
-antiviral window - -give in 48 hours due to the biggest replication window. Antivirals
stop replication
-COVID-19 Transmission - -respiratory; coughing or sneezing
-COVID-19 incubation - -6 days from exposure to symptom onset
-COVID-19 Pathogenesis - -1- attachment
2- fusion
3- uncoating
4- replication
5- viral synthesis
6- assembly
7- release
-what creates inflammation in COVID-19 - -excessive production of proinflammatory
cytokines and ROS which contribute to tissue damage
, -COVID-19 and Clotting - -hyperinflammatory response creates a hypercoagulable state
that resembles DIC but is characterized by clotting without bleeding
-Fungi Characteristics - -large, with thick rigid cell walls
-Fungi Examples - -Mold, yeast, dimorphic
-Fungi Disease - -Mycosis
-Mycosis - -transmitted by inhalation or contamination of wounds
-Fungi Structure - -filaments, hyphae, and spheres
-Most common fungal infection - -Candida albicans
-Candida albicans - -yeast infection, skin, GI, mouth, vagina
-Parasite structure/characteristics - -range from unicellular protozoa to large worms.
-parasitic worm: helminth
-most common parasitic infections in US - --Toxoplasma gondii
- Trichomonas vaginalis
-LIVE Viral vaccine examples - -measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, polio, shingles, chicken
pox, flu mist
-inactivated viral vaccine examples - -Hep A, polio, influenza
-GAS stage 1 - -Alarm stage
- Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
- Activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
-GAS stage 2 - -Resistance (adaptation) stage
- Begins with the actions of adrenal hormones.
- Cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
-GAS stage 3 - -Exhaustion stage (allostatic overload)
- only occurs if stress continues without adaptation
-Effects of cortisol - -Hyperglycemia, lipogenesis (central obesity), gluconeogenesis,
immune suppression, poor wound healing, reduce inflammation, promote gastric secretion
-Catecholamines - -released in adrenal gland medulla, stimulates SNS
-Norepinephrine - --Raise BP
-dilate pupils
(Pathophysiology Ohio University)
True Bacteria - -binary fission
-Filamentous bacteria - -branching, mycelium-like structures
-spirochetes - -flexible, spiral, anaerobic
-mycoplasma - -smallest, simplest bacteria
-Rickettsia - -intracellular parasites
-Chlamydia - -Intracellular parasites with complex life cycles
-Gram-negative bacteria - -do not retain crystal violet dye in gram stain process,
lipopolysaccharide coat (ENDOTOXINS)
-gram-positive bacteria - -do retain crystal violet dye in gram stain process
-Virus lifecycle - --attaches to the host cell via protein receptors
-penetrates the host cell
- releases genetic info into host cytoplasm
- RNA enters the host nucleus
- DNA enters
-antiviral window - -give in 48 hours due to the biggest replication window. Antivirals
stop replication
-COVID-19 Transmission - -respiratory; coughing or sneezing
-COVID-19 incubation - -6 days from exposure to symptom onset
-COVID-19 Pathogenesis - -1- attachment
2- fusion
3- uncoating
4- replication
5- viral synthesis
6- assembly
7- release
-what creates inflammation in COVID-19 - -excessive production of proinflammatory
cytokines and ROS which contribute to tissue damage
, -COVID-19 and Clotting - -hyperinflammatory response creates a hypercoagulable state
that resembles DIC but is characterized by clotting without bleeding
-Fungi Characteristics - -large, with thick rigid cell walls
-Fungi Examples - -Mold, yeast, dimorphic
-Fungi Disease - -Mycosis
-Mycosis - -transmitted by inhalation or contamination of wounds
-Fungi Structure - -filaments, hyphae, and spheres
-Most common fungal infection - -Candida albicans
-Candida albicans - -yeast infection, skin, GI, mouth, vagina
-Parasite structure/characteristics - -range from unicellular protozoa to large worms.
-parasitic worm: helminth
-most common parasitic infections in US - --Toxoplasma gondii
- Trichomonas vaginalis
-LIVE Viral vaccine examples - -measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, polio, shingles, chicken
pox, flu mist
-inactivated viral vaccine examples - -Hep A, polio, influenza
-GAS stage 1 - -Alarm stage
- Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
- Activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
-GAS stage 2 - -Resistance (adaptation) stage
- Begins with the actions of adrenal hormones.
- Cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
-GAS stage 3 - -Exhaustion stage (allostatic overload)
- only occurs if stress continues without adaptation
-Effects of cortisol - -Hyperglycemia, lipogenesis (central obesity), gluconeogenesis,
immune suppression, poor wound healing, reduce inflammation, promote gastric secretion
-Catecholamines - -released in adrenal gland medulla, stimulates SNS
-Norepinephrine - --Raise BP
-dilate pupils
