NRSE 7210 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
True Bacteria - Answer -binary fission
Filamentous bacteria - Answer -branching, mycelium-like structures
spirochetes - Answer -flexible, spiral, anaerobic
mycoplasma - Answer -smallest, simplest bacteria
Rickettsia - Answer -intracellular parasites
Chlamydia - Answer -Intracellular parasites with complex life cycles
Gram-negative bacteria - Answer -do not retain crystal violet dye in gram stain process,
lipopolysaccharide coat (ENDOTOXINS)
gram-positive bacteria - Answer -do retain crystal violet dye in gram stain process
Virus lifecycle - Answer --attaches to the host cell via protein receptors
-penetrates the host cell
- releases genetic info into host cytoplasm
- RNA enters the host nucleus
- DNA enters
antiviral window - Answer -give in 48 hours due to the biggest replication window.
Antivirals stop replication
COVID-19 Transmission - Answer -respiratory; coughing or sneezing
COVID-19 incubation - Answer -6 days from exposure to symptom onset
COVID-19 Pathogenesis - Answer -1- attachment
2- fusion
3- uncoating
4- replication
5- viral synthesis
6- assembly
7- release
what creates inflammation in COVID-19 - Answer -excessive production of
proinflammatory cytokines and ROS which contribute to tissue damage
, COVID-19 and Clotting - Answer -hyperinflammatory response creates a
hypercoagulable state that resembles DIC but is characterized by clotting without
bleeding
Fungi Characteristics - Answer -large, with thick rigid cell walls
Fungi Examples - Answer -Mold, yeast, dimorphic
Fungi Disease - Answer -Mycosis
Mycosis - Answer -transmitted by inhalation or contamination of wounds
Fungi Structure - Answer -filaments, hyphae, and spheres
Most common fungal infection - Answer -Candida albicans
Candida albicans - Answer -yeast infection, skin, GI, mouth, vagina
Parasite structure/characteristics - Answer -range from unicellular protozoa to large
worms.
-parasitic worm: helminth
most common parasitic infections in US - Answer --Toxoplasma gondii
- Trichomonas vaginalis
LIVE Viral vaccine examples - Answer -measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, polio,
shingles, chicken pox, flu mist
inactivated viral vaccine examples - Answer -Hep A, polio, influenza
GAS stage 1 - Answer -Alarm stage
- Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
- Activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
GAS stage 2 - Answer -Resistance (adaptation) stage
- Begins with the actions of adrenal hormones.
- Cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
GAS stage 3 - Answer -Exhaustion stage (allostatic overload)
- only occurs if stress continues without adaptation
Effects of cortisol - Answer -Hyperglycemia, lipogenesis (central obesity),
gluconeogenesis, immune suppression, poor wound healing, reduce inflammation,
promote gastric secretion
Catecholamines - Answer -released in adrenal gland medulla, stimulates SNS
True Bacteria - Answer -binary fission
Filamentous bacteria - Answer -branching, mycelium-like structures
spirochetes - Answer -flexible, spiral, anaerobic
mycoplasma - Answer -smallest, simplest bacteria
Rickettsia - Answer -intracellular parasites
Chlamydia - Answer -Intracellular parasites with complex life cycles
Gram-negative bacteria - Answer -do not retain crystal violet dye in gram stain process,
lipopolysaccharide coat (ENDOTOXINS)
gram-positive bacteria - Answer -do retain crystal violet dye in gram stain process
Virus lifecycle - Answer --attaches to the host cell via protein receptors
-penetrates the host cell
- releases genetic info into host cytoplasm
- RNA enters the host nucleus
- DNA enters
antiviral window - Answer -give in 48 hours due to the biggest replication window.
Antivirals stop replication
COVID-19 Transmission - Answer -respiratory; coughing or sneezing
COVID-19 incubation - Answer -6 days from exposure to symptom onset
COVID-19 Pathogenesis - Answer -1- attachment
2- fusion
3- uncoating
4- replication
5- viral synthesis
6- assembly
7- release
what creates inflammation in COVID-19 - Answer -excessive production of
proinflammatory cytokines and ROS which contribute to tissue damage
, COVID-19 and Clotting - Answer -hyperinflammatory response creates a
hypercoagulable state that resembles DIC but is characterized by clotting without
bleeding
Fungi Characteristics - Answer -large, with thick rigid cell walls
Fungi Examples - Answer -Mold, yeast, dimorphic
Fungi Disease - Answer -Mycosis
Mycosis - Answer -transmitted by inhalation or contamination of wounds
Fungi Structure - Answer -filaments, hyphae, and spheres
Most common fungal infection - Answer -Candida albicans
Candida albicans - Answer -yeast infection, skin, GI, mouth, vagina
Parasite structure/characteristics - Answer -range from unicellular protozoa to large
worms.
-parasitic worm: helminth
most common parasitic infections in US - Answer --Toxoplasma gondii
- Trichomonas vaginalis
LIVE Viral vaccine examples - Answer -measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, polio,
shingles, chicken pox, flu mist
inactivated viral vaccine examples - Answer -Hep A, polio, influenza
GAS stage 1 - Answer -Alarm stage
- Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
- Activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
GAS stage 2 - Answer -Resistance (adaptation) stage
- Begins with the actions of adrenal hormones.
- Cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
GAS stage 3 - Answer -Exhaustion stage (allostatic overload)
- only occurs if stress continues without adaptation
Effects of cortisol - Answer -Hyperglycemia, lipogenesis (central obesity),
gluconeogenesis, immune suppression, poor wound healing, reduce inflammation,
promote gastric secretion
Catecholamines - Answer -released in adrenal gland medulla, stimulates SNS
