Module 2 Anatomy & Physiology |
Complete Study Guide & Review 2025
Conditions of the INTEGUMENTARY System - ANSWER ✔---CELLULITIS:
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Skin of the affected area is swollen, red, and hot to the touch
ETIOLOGY:
- Bacteria (typically Streptococcus or Staphylococcus) enters the skin through cuts or abrasions and
causes infection of connective tissue with severe inflammation of the skin
DX:
- Physical exam
- Wound culture and blood tests can confirm bacterial etiology
TREATMENT:
- Resting the area, cutting away dead tissue if needed, antibiotics
DERMATITIS:
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Red, itchy rash that may include blisters or oily scales
ETIOLOGY:
- Allergic reaction to a specific allergen leading to inflammation of a region of the skin
DX:
- Physical examination
TREATMENT:
,- Moisturizers
- Steroid creams
ECZEMA:
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Red, itchy skin
- Vesicular lesions (blisters) that may crust over
ETIOLOGY:
- Believed to be caused by hereditary and environmental factors leading to inflammatory skin disease
DX:
- Physical examination
TREATMENT:
- Mild, fragrance-free soap and moisturizers, steroid creams, and antihistamines
- Goals of treatment are to heal the affected skin and mitigate recurrence
SKIN CANCER - BASAL CELL:
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Waxy bump or skin sore that does not heal within two months and continues to grow over time
ETIOLOGY:
- Damage to DNA of basal cells caused by ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure from the sun and tanning beds
DX:
- Physical examination and biopsy
- Early diagnosis is vital.
TREATMENT:
- Surgical excision
- Liquid nitrogen freezing or curettage
SKIN CANCER - MELANOMA:
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
,- A skin mole with specific characteristics:
-Asymmetry: irregular shape
-Border: rough; irregular
- Color: nonuniform
- Diameter: More than ¼ inch
ETIOLOGY:
- Excessive exposure to UVB rays
DX:
- Physical examination and biopsy
- Early diagnosis is vital.
TREATMENT:
- Surgery and
Conditions of the SKELETAL System - ANSWER ✔---SPRAIN
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Painful swelling or bruising of a joint area with decreased mobility
ETIOLOGY:
- The joint being pushed outside of its normal range of motion, leading to joint and ligament damage
DX:
- Physical exam with imaging
TREATMENT:
- RICE
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
OSTEOPOROSIS
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
, - Typically, there are no symptoms.
- Severe disease can lead to increased fractures and back pain.
ETIOLOGY:
- Many factors including malnutrition, inadequate calcium intake/absorption, endocrine disorders,
immobilization and lack of exercise, and aging can lead to bone loss, making bone weaker and more
prone to fracture
DX:
- Measuring bone mineral density using a DEXA scan
TREATMENT:
- Medications can slow bone loss and reduce the risk of fracture
OSTEOARTHRITIS
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Pain with movement in a specific joint
- Stiffness in joint following periods of inactivity
- Lack of flexibility
ETIOLOGY:
- Degeneration (breakdown) of articular cartilage and changes in the synovial membrane
DX:
- History, physical examination, and imaging
TREATMENT:
- Physical therapy, exercise, and steroid injections can help relieve symptoms
- Joint replacement may be needed if severe enough
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Systemic joint disorder typically starting w pain and decreased mobility in the smaller joints, such as
fingers, before progressing to larger joints, such as knees and hips
ETIOLOGY:
- Autoimmune disorder leading to changes in the connective tissues of the body, especially the joints
Complete Study Guide & Review 2025
Conditions of the INTEGUMENTARY System - ANSWER ✔---CELLULITIS:
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Skin of the affected area is swollen, red, and hot to the touch
ETIOLOGY:
- Bacteria (typically Streptococcus or Staphylococcus) enters the skin through cuts or abrasions and
causes infection of connective tissue with severe inflammation of the skin
DX:
- Physical exam
- Wound culture and blood tests can confirm bacterial etiology
TREATMENT:
- Resting the area, cutting away dead tissue if needed, antibiotics
DERMATITIS:
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Red, itchy rash that may include blisters or oily scales
ETIOLOGY:
- Allergic reaction to a specific allergen leading to inflammation of a region of the skin
DX:
- Physical examination
TREATMENT:
,- Moisturizers
- Steroid creams
ECZEMA:
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Red, itchy skin
- Vesicular lesions (blisters) that may crust over
ETIOLOGY:
- Believed to be caused by hereditary and environmental factors leading to inflammatory skin disease
DX:
- Physical examination
TREATMENT:
- Mild, fragrance-free soap and moisturizers, steroid creams, and antihistamines
- Goals of treatment are to heal the affected skin and mitigate recurrence
SKIN CANCER - BASAL CELL:
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Waxy bump or skin sore that does not heal within two months and continues to grow over time
ETIOLOGY:
- Damage to DNA of basal cells caused by ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure from the sun and tanning beds
DX:
- Physical examination and biopsy
- Early diagnosis is vital.
TREATMENT:
- Surgical excision
- Liquid nitrogen freezing or curettage
SKIN CANCER - MELANOMA:
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
,- A skin mole with specific characteristics:
-Asymmetry: irregular shape
-Border: rough; irregular
- Color: nonuniform
- Diameter: More than ¼ inch
ETIOLOGY:
- Excessive exposure to UVB rays
DX:
- Physical examination and biopsy
- Early diagnosis is vital.
TREATMENT:
- Surgery and
Conditions of the SKELETAL System - ANSWER ✔---SPRAIN
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Painful swelling or bruising of a joint area with decreased mobility
ETIOLOGY:
- The joint being pushed outside of its normal range of motion, leading to joint and ligament damage
DX:
- Physical exam with imaging
TREATMENT:
- RICE
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
OSTEOPOROSIS
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
, - Typically, there are no symptoms.
- Severe disease can lead to increased fractures and back pain.
ETIOLOGY:
- Many factors including malnutrition, inadequate calcium intake/absorption, endocrine disorders,
immobilization and lack of exercise, and aging can lead to bone loss, making bone weaker and more
prone to fracture
DX:
- Measuring bone mineral density using a DEXA scan
TREATMENT:
- Medications can slow bone loss and reduce the risk of fracture
OSTEOARTHRITIS
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Pain with movement in a specific joint
- Stiffness in joint following periods of inactivity
- Lack of flexibility
ETIOLOGY:
- Degeneration (breakdown) of articular cartilage and changes in the synovial membrane
DX:
- History, physical examination, and imaging
TREATMENT:
- Physical therapy, exercise, and steroid injections can help relieve symptoms
- Joint replacement may be needed if severe enough
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
- Systemic joint disorder typically starting w pain and decreased mobility in the smaller joints, such as
fingers, before progressing to larger joints, such as knees and hips
ETIOLOGY:
- Autoimmune disorder leading to changes in the connective tissues of the body, especially the joints
