NSG 531 Advanced Pharmacology Exam
2 - Rush University (Questions &
Answers)
•
1. Pharmacodynamics::what the drug does to the body z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz
2. What is an LDR curve?:A log dose response curve, or a curve that describes the
kz kz kz kz z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
relationship bewteen the drug effect (Y axis) and the log of the dose (X axis).
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
3. What is the difference between quantal and graded LDR curves?: Graded: the
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
effectofthedrugfallsonascale(i.e.howmanymmHGdidtheBPdeclinewhen plotted
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
against an increasing log dose?)
kz kz kz kz kz
Quantal:the "response" is predefined (i.e.a SBP < 130 mmHg) and data is plotted to show
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
who was affected and who wasn't.an either/or situation.
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
4. Potency: The dose of a drug necessary to produce 50% of a drug's maximal effect kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
(ED50).Sort of tells you "how much bang you get for your buck"in termsof solely dosage
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
amount.
kz
5. If themaximalresponsetoanewmedicationisa50mmHgdeclineinSBP, what
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
is the ED50 on a graded LDR curve?: The dosage that will produce a 25mmHg
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
declined in SBP.
kz kz kz
6. If the desired response for a new medication is a decrease in SBP to < 130
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
mmHg, what is the ED50 on a quantal LDR curve?: The dosage associated with
kz z
k kz kz kz z
k kz kz kz kz z
k kz kz kz
reaching the target BP (< 130) in 50% of the population.
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
1/21kz kz
,7. Efficacy:The maximum response that a drug is capable of producing. z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
8. Compare each drug's potency and efficacy: kz kz kz kz kz
9. What does the steepness of an LDR curve indicate?: What degree of effect a dose
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
change willhave (slightchange on a steep curve willelicit large effects,big change on a
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
flat curve will elicit small effects).
kz kz kz kz kz kz
10. ED50:The dose ofa medication that producesa specifictherapeutic effectin 50% z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
of the population.
kz kz kz
11. TD50:The dose of a medication that produces a specific toxiceffect in 50% of the z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
population.
kz
12. Therapeuticindex:TD50/ED50,orthespacebetweenthetherapeuticandtoxic LDR z
k z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
curves of a drug.
kz kz kz kz
13. True or false:a drug with a wide therapeutic index is generally safer than a drug
kz kz z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
with a narrow therapeutic index.: True
kz kz kz kz kz kz
14. Calculate the therapeutic index of a drug if the ED50 = 0.4 and the TD50 = 40.: z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz z
k kz kz
40/0.4 = 100
kz kz kz
15. True or false: you can visually compare the therapeutic indexes, and safety, of
z
k z
k z
k z
k z
k z
k z
k z
k z
k z
k z
k kz
two drugs with different slopes.: False - if the two drugs have curves that are not
kz kz kz kz kz z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
parallel to each other they are not easily compared.
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
16. Stereoisomer:Adrugthathasbothanactiveandinactiveisomer,formulated so z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
that the active isomer is at a dose that achieves the therapeutic response.
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
17. Enantiomers:Mirrorimagestereoisomers(havethesamechemicalstructure with z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
a different orientation) that have different pharmacological effects.
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
2/21
kz kz
, 18. Racemicmixture:Anequalmixtureoftwoenantiomers.Ex:Albuterol,consist- ing of j
z
k j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j kz j
the active isomer (R-albuterol) and an inactive isomer (S-albuterol).Effects from the
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j j
kz kz j kz j
inactive isomer are usually clinically insignificant.
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
19. Ka:Thevolumeneededtogetonemoleofunbounddrugwhen50%ofthetarget
j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz
receptors are occupied.
j
kz kz j kz j
20. Kd:The concentration of drug in the plasma when 50% of the target receptors are
j
z
k j
kz kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j j
kz j
kz kz j kz j kz j kz j
occupied
kz j
21. Partialagonist:Adrugthatbindstoareceptorandstimulatesaneffectthathas both j
z
k j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j
lower potency (curve is shifted right of the full agonist) and efficacy (curve is shorter in
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
height).
kz j
22. Whywouldwegiveapartialagonist?:Topreventundesirablesideeffectsof the full
j
z
k j
z
k j
z
k j
z
k j
z
k j
z
k j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j kz j
agonist, or because the full agonist isn't necessary.Ex:greater pain relief and
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j j
kz j
kz kz j kz j kz j
psychotropic effects from methadone, but less respiratory depression from
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
buprenorphine.
kz j
23. Competitiveantagonism:Reversible;effectsdependontherelativeconcen- j
z
k j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz
tration of the agonist and antagonists (which also occupy receptor sites)
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
24. What will the LDR curve of an agonist combined with a fixed dose of a kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j j
kz kz j
competitive antagonist look like?: Parallel to the agonist curve, but shifted to the
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
right.Effects of the antagonist can be overcome with an increased dose of the agonist.
j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j kz j j
kz kz j j
kz kz j
25. Noncompetitiveantagonism:Irreversible;effectsareindependentoftherela- tive j
z
k j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j
concentration of the agonist and antagonist (which don't occupy the agonists' receptor
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
sites).
kz j
26. What will the LDR curve of an agonist combined with a fixed dose of a kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j j
kz kz j
noncompetitiveantagonistlooklike?:Shifteddownwardandtotheright.Effects of
kz j j
z
k j
z
k j
z
k j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j
the antagonist cannot be overcome with an increased dose of the agonist.
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
27. What is the clinical relevance of giving an irreversible, non-competitive kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
antagonist?:Mustwaitfortheeffectsoftheantagonisttowearoff,sincegivingmore
kz j j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz
agonist will have no effect (ex:pt stops taking aspirin 10-14 days prior to surgery).
j
kz kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j j
kz kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
28. What type of antagonist drug dowe mostoftenadminister?:Reversible, j
kz j
kz kz j kz j j
kz kz j j
kz j
kz j
kz j
z
k
competitive antagonists (much easier to control).
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
29. True or false:no matterhow high the molarconcentration ofa reversible, j
kz j
kz j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j kz j
competitive antagonist,you can always overcome it by giving a higher dose of
kz j kz j j
z
k kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
3/21
j jkz
kz
2 - Rush University (Questions &
Answers)
•
1. Pharmacodynamics::what the drug does to the body z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz
2. What is an LDR curve?:A log dose response curve, or a curve that describes the
kz kz kz kz z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
relationship bewteen the drug effect (Y axis) and the log of the dose (X axis).
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
3. What is the difference between quantal and graded LDR curves?: Graded: the
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
effectofthedrugfallsonascale(i.e.howmanymmHGdidtheBPdeclinewhen plotted
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
against an increasing log dose?)
kz kz kz kz kz
Quantal:the "response" is predefined (i.e.a SBP < 130 mmHg) and data is plotted to show
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
who was affected and who wasn't.an either/or situation.
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
4. Potency: The dose of a drug necessary to produce 50% of a drug's maximal effect kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
(ED50).Sort of tells you "how much bang you get for your buck"in termsof solely dosage
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
amount.
kz
5. If themaximalresponsetoanewmedicationisa50mmHgdeclineinSBP, what
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
is the ED50 on a graded LDR curve?: The dosage that will produce a 25mmHg
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
declined in SBP.
kz kz kz
6. If the desired response for a new medication is a decrease in SBP to < 130
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
mmHg, what is the ED50 on a quantal LDR curve?: The dosage associated with
kz z
k kz kz kz z
k kz kz kz kz z
k kz kz kz
reaching the target BP (< 130) in 50% of the population.
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
1/21kz kz
,7. Efficacy:The maximum response that a drug is capable of producing. z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
8. Compare each drug's potency and efficacy: kz kz kz kz kz
9. What does the steepness of an LDR curve indicate?: What degree of effect a dose
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
change willhave (slightchange on a steep curve willelicit large effects,big change on a
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
flat curve will elicit small effects).
kz kz kz kz kz kz
10. ED50:The dose ofa medication that producesa specifictherapeutic effectin 50% z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
of the population.
kz kz kz
11. TD50:The dose of a medication that produces a specific toxiceffect in 50% of the z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
population.
kz
12. Therapeuticindex:TD50/ED50,orthespacebetweenthetherapeuticandtoxic LDR z
k z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
curves of a drug.
kz kz kz kz
13. True or false:a drug with a wide therapeutic index is generally safer than a drug
kz kz z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
with a narrow therapeutic index.: True
kz kz kz kz kz kz
14. Calculate the therapeutic index of a drug if the ED50 = 0.4 and the TD50 = 40.: z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz z
k kz kz
40/0.4 = 100
kz kz kz
15. True or false: you can visually compare the therapeutic indexes, and safety, of
z
k z
k z
k z
k z
k z
k z
k z
k z
k z
k z
k kz
two drugs with different slopes.: False - if the two drugs have curves that are not
kz kz kz kz kz z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
parallel to each other they are not easily compared.
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
16. Stereoisomer:Adrugthathasbothanactiveandinactiveisomer,formulated so z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
that the active isomer is at a dose that achieves the therapeutic response.
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
17. Enantiomers:Mirrorimagestereoisomers(havethesamechemicalstructure with z
k kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
a different orientation) that have different pharmacological effects.
kz kz kz kz kz kz kz kz
2/21
kz kz
, 18. Racemicmixture:Anequalmixtureoftwoenantiomers.Ex:Albuterol,consist- ing of j
z
k j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j kz j
the active isomer (R-albuterol) and an inactive isomer (S-albuterol).Effects from the
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j j
kz kz j kz j
inactive isomer are usually clinically insignificant.
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
19. Ka:Thevolumeneededtogetonemoleofunbounddrugwhen50%ofthetarget
j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz
receptors are occupied.
j
kz kz j kz j
20. Kd:The concentration of drug in the plasma when 50% of the target receptors are
j
z
k j
kz kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j j
kz j
kz kz j kz j kz j kz j
occupied
kz j
21. Partialagonist:Adrugthatbindstoareceptorandstimulatesaneffectthathas both j
z
k j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j
lower potency (curve is shifted right of the full agonist) and efficacy (curve is shorter in
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
height).
kz j
22. Whywouldwegiveapartialagonist?:Topreventundesirablesideeffectsof the full
j
z
k j
z
k j
z
k j
z
k j
z
k j
z
k j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j kz j
agonist, or because the full agonist isn't necessary.Ex:greater pain relief and
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j j
kz j
kz kz j kz j kz j
psychotropic effects from methadone, but less respiratory depression from
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
buprenorphine.
kz j
23. Competitiveantagonism:Reversible;effectsdependontherelativeconcen- j
z
k j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz
tration of the agonist and antagonists (which also occupy receptor sites)
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
24. What will the LDR curve of an agonist combined with a fixed dose of a kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j j
kz kz j
competitive antagonist look like?: Parallel to the agonist curve, but shifted to the
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
right.Effects of the antagonist can be overcome with an increased dose of the agonist.
j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j kz j j
kz kz j j
kz kz j
25. Noncompetitiveantagonism:Irreversible;effectsareindependentoftherela- tive j
z
k j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j
concentration of the agonist and antagonist (which don't occupy the agonists' receptor
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
sites).
kz j
26. What will the LDR curve of an agonist combined with a fixed dose of a kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j j
kz kz j
noncompetitiveantagonistlooklike?:Shifteddownwardandtotheright.Effects of
kz j j
z
k j
z
k j
z
k j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j
the antagonist cannot be overcome with an increased dose of the agonist.
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
27. What is the clinical relevance of giving an irreversible, non-competitive kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
antagonist?:Mustwaitfortheeffectsoftheantagonisttowearoff,sincegivingmore
kz j j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz j
kz
agonist will have no effect (ex:pt stops taking aspirin 10-14 days prior to surgery).
j
kz kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j j
kz kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
28. What type of antagonist drug dowe mostoftenadminister?:Reversible, j
kz j
kz kz j kz j j
kz kz j j
kz j
kz j
kz j
z
k
competitive antagonists (much easier to control).
kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
29. True or false:no matterhow high the molarconcentration ofa reversible, j
kz j
kz j
z
k j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j j
kz j
kz j
kz kz j kz j
competitive antagonist,you can always overcome it by giving a higher dose of
kz j kz j j
z
k kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j kz j
3/21
j jkz
kz
