Criminology (Justice Series)
– 5th Edition
UV
MANUAL & TEST
IA
BANK
_A
PP
Frank Schmalleger
RO
Comprehensive Manual & Test Bank for
VE
Instructors and Students
D?
© Frank Schmalleger
??
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
??
©Medexcellence ✅��
, CONTENTS
To The Instructor iv
Sample Syllabi v
UV
Part I: Criminology Explained – The Evil Men (and Women) Do
Chapter 1 What Is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals 1
Part II: Crime Causation – What We Do and Why We Do It
IA
Chapter 2 Classical and Neoclassical Criminology: Choice and Consequences 17
Chapter 3 Biological Roots of Criminal Behavior: It’s What We Are 29
Chapter 4 Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives: Interaction Is Key 38
_A
Chapter 5 Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior: 48
It’s How We Think
Chapter 6 Social Structure: It’s How We Live 61
Chapter 7 Social Process and Social Development: It’s What We Learn 74
Chapter 8 Social Conflict: It’s How We Relate 91
PP
Part III: The Crime Picture – It’s Not Pretty
Chapter 9 Criminal Victimization: It’s Personal 104
Chapter 10 Crimes against Persons: What We Fear 116
RO
Chapter 11 Crimes against Property: It’s What We Lose 131
Chapter 12 White-Collar and Organized Crime: Crime as a Job 143
Chapter 13 Drug and Sex Crimes: Recreational Offenses 154
Part IV: Crime in the Modern World – Today’s Headlines
VE
Chapter 14 Technology and Crime: It’s a Double-Edged Sword 165
Chapter 15 Globalization and Terrorism: Our Small World 175
Testbank 181
D?
??
??
iii
, CHAPTER 11
What Is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals
UV
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the textbook and to the field of criminology. It begins by
discussing society’s fascination with crime, particularly violent crime. The definition of crime
IA
used in the text is from the legalist perspective, which sees crime as “human conduct in violation
of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power
to make such laws.” This approach recognizes that laws are social products and assumes that
powerful individuals who are in a position to politically influence lawmaking strategies can
_A
impose their preferred definitions of criminal behavior on lawbreakers.
While many crimes are forms of deviant behavior, human activity that violates social norms,
not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant behavior is criminal. There is also a significant
difference between what is criminal and what should be criminal. The consensus perspective
PP
holds that a law should be developed to criminalize a certain behavior when the members of a
society generally agree that such a law is necessary. However, in a multicultural society,
consensus may be difficult to achieve. The diversity of society is recognized in the pluralistic
perspective which suggests that behaviors are typically criminalized through a political process
after debate over the appropriate course of action.
RO
This chapter also discusses what a criminologist is, and considers the differences between a
criminologist, a criminalist, and a criminal justice professional. Various professional
opportunities for individuals with degrees in criminology are explored. The field of criminology
itself is also discussed in detail, with various definitions considered. While criminology is
primarily a social science, it is interdisciplinary. It contributes to, and overlaps, the field of
VE
criminal justice. One subfield is theoretical criminology, which posits explanations for criminal
behavior. General and integrated theories of crime are compared.
Crime does not occur in a vacuum; every crime has a unique set of causes, consequences and
participants. Crime is seen as a social construction rather than as an isolated individual activity.
D?
A given crime may have many causes and may also carry with it many different kinds of
meanings. Therefore, criminologists apply the concept of social relativity, the fact that social
events are interpreted differently by different individuals or groups, to the study of crime.
Criminology is mainly a social science but is an interdisciplinary field and many
??
contemporary criminologists operate primarily from a sociological perspective. However,
sociology appears reluctant to accept the significance of findings from research in other fields
and is often unable to integrate these findings into existing sociological understandings of crime.
Despite this, new perspectives are emerging and need to be recognized.
??
1
, To understand the nature of crime, it is necessary to understand crime statistics. Official
crime statistics today come from the BJS National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and
from the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program and National Incident-Based
Reporting System (NIBRS). Crime patterns have changed since official crime statistics were first
UV
gathered. A considerable number of crimes are not reported; this is referred to as the dark figure
of crime. Offender self-report surveys are one way to obtain information about the dark figure of
crime.
Evidence-based criminology refers to the use of rigorous social scientific techniques to
develop knowledge in the field of criminology. It is founded on the experimental method. The
IA
ultimate outcome of criminological research is a set of effective social policies based on
scientific evidence. Translating the results of criminological research into workable social policy
is known as translational criminology. The development of social polices based on research
findings may be of broader importance to society than theory testing. However, even when there
_A
is strong agreement among scholars, some policy innovations may be difficult to implement. It is
essential for social policy to be linked to the objective findings of well-conducted criminological
research.
PP
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1. Differentiate between crime, deviance, and delinquency.
2. Explain how the consensus perspective differs from the pluralist perspective.
RO
3. Describe criminology and the role of criminologists.
4. Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.
5. Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.
6. Summarize statistics and trends in U.S. crime rates.
7. Explain the influence of evidence-based criminology on social policies.
VE
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. What is Crime?
D?
Teaching Note: Ask students to write down three ideas they immediately think of when
they hear the term crime. Have them read out their responses and lead a discussion about
the diversity of the responses.
Teaching Note: Many people accept the fictional (or fictionalized) view of crime that is
??
presented by the media in crime-related entertainment (not only primetime television
programs but also reality programs, news programs, and newspaper content). Explain that
the needs of the media often influence or distort the images and information; the mass
media often focus on unusual circumstances rather than presenting more typical images
??
of crime.
2
– 5th Edition
UV
MANUAL & TEST
IA
BANK
_A
PP
Frank Schmalleger
RO
Comprehensive Manual & Test Bank for
VE
Instructors and Students
D?
© Frank Schmalleger
??
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
??
©Medexcellence ✅��
, CONTENTS
To The Instructor iv
Sample Syllabi v
UV
Part I: Criminology Explained – The Evil Men (and Women) Do
Chapter 1 What Is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals 1
Part II: Crime Causation – What We Do and Why We Do It
IA
Chapter 2 Classical and Neoclassical Criminology: Choice and Consequences 17
Chapter 3 Biological Roots of Criminal Behavior: It’s What We Are 29
Chapter 4 Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives: Interaction Is Key 38
_A
Chapter 5 Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior: 48
It’s How We Think
Chapter 6 Social Structure: It’s How We Live 61
Chapter 7 Social Process and Social Development: It’s What We Learn 74
Chapter 8 Social Conflict: It’s How We Relate 91
PP
Part III: The Crime Picture – It’s Not Pretty
Chapter 9 Criminal Victimization: It’s Personal 104
Chapter 10 Crimes against Persons: What We Fear 116
RO
Chapter 11 Crimes against Property: It’s What We Lose 131
Chapter 12 White-Collar and Organized Crime: Crime as a Job 143
Chapter 13 Drug and Sex Crimes: Recreational Offenses 154
Part IV: Crime in the Modern World – Today’s Headlines
VE
Chapter 14 Technology and Crime: It’s a Double-Edged Sword 165
Chapter 15 Globalization and Terrorism: Our Small World 175
Testbank 181
D?
??
??
iii
, CHAPTER 11
What Is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals
UV
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the textbook and to the field of criminology. It begins by
discussing society’s fascination with crime, particularly violent crime. The definition of crime
IA
used in the text is from the legalist perspective, which sees crime as “human conduct in violation
of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power
to make such laws.” This approach recognizes that laws are social products and assumes that
powerful individuals who are in a position to politically influence lawmaking strategies can
_A
impose their preferred definitions of criminal behavior on lawbreakers.
While many crimes are forms of deviant behavior, human activity that violates social norms,
not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant behavior is criminal. There is also a significant
difference between what is criminal and what should be criminal. The consensus perspective
PP
holds that a law should be developed to criminalize a certain behavior when the members of a
society generally agree that such a law is necessary. However, in a multicultural society,
consensus may be difficult to achieve. The diversity of society is recognized in the pluralistic
perspective which suggests that behaviors are typically criminalized through a political process
after debate over the appropriate course of action.
RO
This chapter also discusses what a criminologist is, and considers the differences between a
criminologist, a criminalist, and a criminal justice professional. Various professional
opportunities for individuals with degrees in criminology are explored. The field of criminology
itself is also discussed in detail, with various definitions considered. While criminology is
primarily a social science, it is interdisciplinary. It contributes to, and overlaps, the field of
VE
criminal justice. One subfield is theoretical criminology, which posits explanations for criminal
behavior. General and integrated theories of crime are compared.
Crime does not occur in a vacuum; every crime has a unique set of causes, consequences and
participants. Crime is seen as a social construction rather than as an isolated individual activity.
D?
A given crime may have many causes and may also carry with it many different kinds of
meanings. Therefore, criminologists apply the concept of social relativity, the fact that social
events are interpreted differently by different individuals or groups, to the study of crime.
Criminology is mainly a social science but is an interdisciplinary field and many
??
contemporary criminologists operate primarily from a sociological perspective. However,
sociology appears reluctant to accept the significance of findings from research in other fields
and is often unable to integrate these findings into existing sociological understandings of crime.
Despite this, new perspectives are emerging and need to be recognized.
??
1
, To understand the nature of crime, it is necessary to understand crime statistics. Official
crime statistics today come from the BJS National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and
from the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program and National Incident-Based
Reporting System (NIBRS). Crime patterns have changed since official crime statistics were first
UV
gathered. A considerable number of crimes are not reported; this is referred to as the dark figure
of crime. Offender self-report surveys are one way to obtain information about the dark figure of
crime.
Evidence-based criminology refers to the use of rigorous social scientific techniques to
develop knowledge in the field of criminology. It is founded on the experimental method. The
IA
ultimate outcome of criminological research is a set of effective social policies based on
scientific evidence. Translating the results of criminological research into workable social policy
is known as translational criminology. The development of social polices based on research
findings may be of broader importance to society than theory testing. However, even when there
_A
is strong agreement among scholars, some policy innovations may be difficult to implement. It is
essential for social policy to be linked to the objective findings of well-conducted criminological
research.
PP
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1. Differentiate between crime, deviance, and delinquency.
2. Explain how the consensus perspective differs from the pluralist perspective.
RO
3. Describe criminology and the role of criminologists.
4. Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.
5. Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.
6. Summarize statistics and trends in U.S. crime rates.
7. Explain the influence of evidence-based criminology on social policies.
VE
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. What is Crime?
D?
Teaching Note: Ask students to write down three ideas they immediately think of when
they hear the term crime. Have them read out their responses and lead a discussion about
the diversity of the responses.
Teaching Note: Many people accept the fictional (or fictionalized) view of crime that is
??
presented by the media in crime-related entertainment (not only primetime television
programs but also reality programs, news programs, and newspaper content). Explain that
the needs of the media often influence or distort the images and information; the mass
media often focus on unusual circumstances rather than presenting more typical images
??
of crime.
2
