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NUR 445: Exam 4 (#1 STUDY GUIDE) Questions and
Answers with Complete Solutions UPDATED!!!
What is the pathophysiology of shock?
Life threatening syndrome occurring when the circulatory
system is unable to supply adequate amounts of oxygen to the
tissues to meet basic metabolic requirements. Creates a state of
tissue hypoxia, organ failure and death may result.
What are the four different types of shock?
- Hypovolemic
- Cardiogenic
- Distributive
- Obstructive
What are the four stages of shock?
- Initial
- Compensatory
- Progressive
- Refractory
Describe the initial stage of shock.
Marked by hypoxia d/t decreased O2 to cells.
What are the clinical manifestations within the initial stage of
shock?
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Subtle or subclinical.
Describe the compensatory stage of shock.
Characterized by initiation of compensatory mechanisms in an
effort to maintain adequate volume, CO and blood flow to the
tissues (mechanisms- neural, endocrine, and chemical
compensations)
What are some clinical manifestations within the compensatory
stage of shock? (10 manifestations)
- Restlessness
- Confusion
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnea
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Oliguria
- Hyperglycemia
- Hypoactive bowel sounds
- Weak pulses
- Cool/moist skin
Describe the progressive stage of shock.
Marked by failure of compensatory mechanisms to maintain
adequate blood pressure and circulating fluid volumes,
extensive shunting of blood to vital organs and decreased blood
to periphery, failed sodium-potassium pump
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What are some clinical manifestations within the progressive
stage of shock? (9 manifestations)
- Lethargy or coma
- Hypotension
- Dysrhythmias
- Anuria
- Absent bowel sounds
- Severe metabolic acidosis
- Respiratory acidosis
- Cold extremities
- Weak or absent pulses
Describe the refractory stage of shock.
Marked by prolonged inadequate blood supply to cells,
resulting in cell death and multisystem organ failure, shock is
irreversible at this stage.
What are some clinical manifestations within the refractory
stage of shock? (7 manifestations)
- Coma
- Severe hypotension
- Severe metabolic and respiratory acidosis
- Hepatic failure
- Renal failure
- Peripheral tissue ischemia
- Necrosis
NUR 445: Exam 4 (#1 STUDY GUIDE) Questions and
Answers with Complete Solutions UPDATED!!!
What is the pathophysiology of shock?
Life threatening syndrome occurring when the circulatory
system is unable to supply adequate amounts of oxygen to the
tissues to meet basic metabolic requirements. Creates a state of
tissue hypoxia, organ failure and death may result.
What are the four different types of shock?
- Hypovolemic
- Cardiogenic
- Distributive
- Obstructive
What are the four stages of shock?
- Initial
- Compensatory
- Progressive
- Refractory
Describe the initial stage of shock.
Marked by hypoxia d/t decreased O2 to cells.
What are the clinical manifestations within the initial stage of
shock?
,2|Page
Subtle or subclinical.
Describe the compensatory stage of shock.
Characterized by initiation of compensatory mechanisms in an
effort to maintain adequate volume, CO and blood flow to the
tissues (mechanisms- neural, endocrine, and chemical
compensations)
What are some clinical manifestations within the compensatory
stage of shock? (10 manifestations)
- Restlessness
- Confusion
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnea
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Oliguria
- Hyperglycemia
- Hypoactive bowel sounds
- Weak pulses
- Cool/moist skin
Describe the progressive stage of shock.
Marked by failure of compensatory mechanisms to maintain
adequate blood pressure and circulating fluid volumes,
extensive shunting of blood to vital organs and decreased blood
to periphery, failed sodium-potassium pump
, 3|Page
What are some clinical manifestations within the progressive
stage of shock? (9 manifestations)
- Lethargy or coma
- Hypotension
- Dysrhythmias
- Anuria
- Absent bowel sounds
- Severe metabolic acidosis
- Respiratory acidosis
- Cold extremities
- Weak or absent pulses
Describe the refractory stage of shock.
Marked by prolonged inadequate blood supply to cells,
resulting in cell death and multisystem organ failure, shock is
irreversible at this stage.
What are some clinical manifestations within the refractory
stage of shock? (7 manifestations)
- Coma
- Severe hypotension
- Severe metabolic and respiratory acidosis
- Hepatic failure
- Renal failure
- Peripheral tissue ischemia
- Necrosis
