Biology 102 Chapter 22 - Homeostasis & Organ Systems
Homeostasis & Organ Systems
Physiology: study of how the body works
Anatomy: study of the body structure
1. Cell: fundamental unit in life
2. Tissue: group of cells working together
3. Organ: Group of tissues working together
4. Organ System: group of organs working together
5. Organism: all the organ systems working together
Tissues
1. Epithelial tissue: Covers and lines the 2. Connective tissue: binds and supports
inside of organs, body cavities, vascular tissues and organs.
system, etc. ● Areolar tissue: very common – makes
● Epithelium: layer of cells that form a up the space between and connects
surface. various other tissues.
● Grands: formed from modified ● Fat (adipose): store energy;
Epithelial tissue. protection; insulation
Depending on the form of the epithelial ● Tendons and ligaments: attach
tissue, it may function to be absorptive muscle to bone/bone to bone
(intestinal lining), secretory (salivary glands) ● Blood: transport gasses and nutrients
or as a barrier (skin). ● Bone and cartilage: support;
protection
3. Muscle tissue: generates force by 1) Skeletal muscle: voluntary movement
contracting. (Cardiac, smooth, & skeletal 2) Smooth muscle: involuntary movement of
muscle) internal organ functions.
● Tissues responsible for different types 3) Cardiac muscle: involuntary movement
of movement (only found in heart)
● Composed to long fibers, which are
actually elongated cells
4. Nervous tissue: communicates and processes information.
Neurons and associated cell
● Receive stimuli and conduct impulses to and from various parts of the body
1
, Biology 102 Chapter 22 - Homeostasis & Organ Systems
Human Organ Systems 1. Integumentary System: protects against
injury, infection and fluid loss; helps regulate
There are 11 common organ systems found in body temperature
animals Skin, nails, hair
2. Skeletal System: protects and supports 3. Muscular System: moves limbs and trunk;
body and organs moves substances through body; provides
Bones, cartilage, joints structure and support
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
4. Reproductive System: produces gametes 5. Digestive System: extracts and absorbs
and offspring. nutrients from food; removes waste;
Testes, ovaries maintains water and chemical balance.
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, intestines
6. Circulatory System: Transports nutrients, 7. Respiratory System: movement of air; gas
wastes, hormones, and gases. exchange.
Cardiovascular (heart, blood vessels, blood) Lungs, trachea, mouth, nose
Lymphatic (lymph nodes and vessels, lymph)
8. Urinary (excretory) System: removes 9. Nervous System: regulates behavior;
waste from blood; regulates body fluid regulates other organ systems; controls
Kidneys, urinary bladder sensory and motor functions.
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
10. Endocrine System: regulates body 11. Immune System: defends against
temperature, metabolism, development, and pathogens and disease.
reproduction; regulates other organs systems. Lymphatic system, white blood cells, skin
Glands (hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas)
Homeostasis
● Processes that keep internal body conditions constant
○ Body temperature ○ Blood sugar ○ Protein production
○ pH of body fluid ○ Heartbeat rate ○ Water balance
○ Etc.
● Maintained by nervous and endocrine systems.
● Involves feedback loops.
Negative Feedback: process causes itself to Positive Feedback: process causes itself to
slow down and maybe stop speed up until something else is going on.
Our bodies have their own thermostat. Not as common as negative feedback.
Example: blood clotting
2
Homeostasis & Organ Systems
Physiology: study of how the body works
Anatomy: study of the body structure
1. Cell: fundamental unit in life
2. Tissue: group of cells working together
3. Organ: Group of tissues working together
4. Organ System: group of organs working together
5. Organism: all the organ systems working together
Tissues
1. Epithelial tissue: Covers and lines the 2. Connective tissue: binds and supports
inside of organs, body cavities, vascular tissues and organs.
system, etc. ● Areolar tissue: very common – makes
● Epithelium: layer of cells that form a up the space between and connects
surface. various other tissues.
● Grands: formed from modified ● Fat (adipose): store energy;
Epithelial tissue. protection; insulation
Depending on the form of the epithelial ● Tendons and ligaments: attach
tissue, it may function to be absorptive muscle to bone/bone to bone
(intestinal lining), secretory (salivary glands) ● Blood: transport gasses and nutrients
or as a barrier (skin). ● Bone and cartilage: support;
protection
3. Muscle tissue: generates force by 1) Skeletal muscle: voluntary movement
contracting. (Cardiac, smooth, & skeletal 2) Smooth muscle: involuntary movement of
muscle) internal organ functions.
● Tissues responsible for different types 3) Cardiac muscle: involuntary movement
of movement (only found in heart)
● Composed to long fibers, which are
actually elongated cells
4. Nervous tissue: communicates and processes information.
Neurons and associated cell
● Receive stimuli and conduct impulses to and from various parts of the body
1
, Biology 102 Chapter 22 - Homeostasis & Organ Systems
Human Organ Systems 1. Integumentary System: protects against
injury, infection and fluid loss; helps regulate
There are 11 common organ systems found in body temperature
animals Skin, nails, hair
2. Skeletal System: protects and supports 3. Muscular System: moves limbs and trunk;
body and organs moves substances through body; provides
Bones, cartilage, joints structure and support
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
4. Reproductive System: produces gametes 5. Digestive System: extracts and absorbs
and offspring. nutrients from food; removes waste;
Testes, ovaries maintains water and chemical balance.
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, intestines
6. Circulatory System: Transports nutrients, 7. Respiratory System: movement of air; gas
wastes, hormones, and gases. exchange.
Cardiovascular (heart, blood vessels, blood) Lungs, trachea, mouth, nose
Lymphatic (lymph nodes and vessels, lymph)
8. Urinary (excretory) System: removes 9. Nervous System: regulates behavior;
waste from blood; regulates body fluid regulates other organ systems; controls
Kidneys, urinary bladder sensory and motor functions.
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
10. Endocrine System: regulates body 11. Immune System: defends against
temperature, metabolism, development, and pathogens and disease.
reproduction; regulates other organs systems. Lymphatic system, white blood cells, skin
Glands (hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas)
Homeostasis
● Processes that keep internal body conditions constant
○ Body temperature ○ Blood sugar ○ Protein production
○ pH of body fluid ○ Heartbeat rate ○ Water balance
○ Etc.
● Maintained by nervous and endocrine systems.
● Involves feedback loops.
Negative Feedback: process causes itself to Positive Feedback: process causes itself to
slow down and maybe stop speed up until something else is going on.
Our bodies have their own thermostat. Not as common as negative feedback.
Example: blood clotting
2
