ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
8TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)VALERIE C. SCANLON;
TINA SANDERS
TEST BANK
1
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Levels of Organization
Stem: A 68-year-old patient recovering from a myocardial
infarction has decreased cardiac output. The nurse assesses
capillary refill, skin temperature, and urine output to evaluate
organ-level effects. Which observation best reflects a
dysfunction at the tissue level that helps explain the decreased
urine output?
Options:
A. Decreased contractile force of cardiac myocytes
B. Reduced perfusion causing renal tubular epithelial cell
,hypoxia
C. Impaired conduction through the heart’s AV node
D. Atherosclerotic narrowing of the renal artery
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Reduced perfusion leads to hypoxia of renal
tubular epithelial cells — a tissue-level change (cellular
aggregation performing a function) that impairs tubular
reabsorption and urine formation, linking organ failure to
tissue dysfunction.
• A: Decreased cardiac myocyte contractility is a cell/organ
issue explaining the MI but not the direct tissue-level
mechanism in the kidney.
• C: AV node conduction is a conduction system/organ
problem; it may affect output but does not describe kidney
tissue hypoxia.
• D: Atherosclerotic narrowing is an organ/vascular lesion; it
represents a structural cause but the question asks for a
tissue-level change explaining urine output.
Teaching Point: Tissue hypoxia of renal epithelium reduces
urine formation and reflects tissue-level dysfunction.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
,2
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Levels of Organization
Stem: A patient’s lab shows low serum albumin from chronic
liver disease. The nurse explains why peripheral edema
develops. Which explanation uses correct levels-of-organization
reasoning?
Options:
A. Low albumin decreases capillary osmotic pressure causing
fluid shift into interstitial tissue.
B. Low albumin causes endothelial cell death, increasing vessel
permeability.
C. Albumin loss increases lymphatic pumping, overwhelming
veins.
D. Albumin deficiency stimulates vasoconstriction, raising
hydrostatic pressure.
Correct Answer: A
Rationales:
• Correct (A): Albumin is a plasma protein that contributes
to colloid osmotic pressure at the capillary level; decreased
plasma oncotic pressure permits fluid to move from blood
into interstitial tissue, causing edema.
• B: Endothelial cell death is not the primary mechanism
from hypoalbuminemia; permeability changes are
secondary, not the principal cause.
, • C: Lymphatic pumping does not increase because of low
albumin; lymphatic failure would worsen edema but is not
the mechanism here.
• D: Albumin deficiency does not directly stimulate
vasoconstriction or raise hydrostatic pressure.
Teaching Point: Plasma oncotic pressure (albumin) opposes
filtration; low albumin causes interstitial fluid accumulation.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
3
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Metabolism and Homeostasis
Stem: A febrile patient’s hypothalamic set point is increased by
pyrogenic cytokines. Which intervention best supports
negative-feedback restoration of normal body temperature?
Options:
A. Administer external heat packs to raise skin temperature
B. Provide antipyretic medication to lower hypothalamic set
point effect
C. Encourage rest to conserve energy and maintain the new set
point
D. Increase room temperature to decrease shivering
Correct Answer: B
PHYSIOLOGY
8TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)VALERIE C. SCANLON;
TINA SANDERS
TEST BANK
1
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Levels of Organization
Stem: A 68-year-old patient recovering from a myocardial
infarction has decreased cardiac output. The nurse assesses
capillary refill, skin temperature, and urine output to evaluate
organ-level effects. Which observation best reflects a
dysfunction at the tissue level that helps explain the decreased
urine output?
Options:
A. Decreased contractile force of cardiac myocytes
B. Reduced perfusion causing renal tubular epithelial cell
,hypoxia
C. Impaired conduction through the heart’s AV node
D. Atherosclerotic narrowing of the renal artery
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Reduced perfusion leads to hypoxia of renal
tubular epithelial cells — a tissue-level change (cellular
aggregation performing a function) that impairs tubular
reabsorption and urine formation, linking organ failure to
tissue dysfunction.
• A: Decreased cardiac myocyte contractility is a cell/organ
issue explaining the MI but not the direct tissue-level
mechanism in the kidney.
• C: AV node conduction is a conduction system/organ
problem; it may affect output but does not describe kidney
tissue hypoxia.
• D: Atherosclerotic narrowing is an organ/vascular lesion; it
represents a structural cause but the question asks for a
tissue-level change explaining urine output.
Teaching Point: Tissue hypoxia of renal epithelium reduces
urine formation and reflects tissue-level dysfunction.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
,2
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Levels of Organization
Stem: A patient’s lab shows low serum albumin from chronic
liver disease. The nurse explains why peripheral edema
develops. Which explanation uses correct levels-of-organization
reasoning?
Options:
A. Low albumin decreases capillary osmotic pressure causing
fluid shift into interstitial tissue.
B. Low albumin causes endothelial cell death, increasing vessel
permeability.
C. Albumin loss increases lymphatic pumping, overwhelming
veins.
D. Albumin deficiency stimulates vasoconstriction, raising
hydrostatic pressure.
Correct Answer: A
Rationales:
• Correct (A): Albumin is a plasma protein that contributes
to colloid osmotic pressure at the capillary level; decreased
plasma oncotic pressure permits fluid to move from blood
into interstitial tissue, causing edema.
• B: Endothelial cell death is not the primary mechanism
from hypoalbuminemia; permeability changes are
secondary, not the principal cause.
, • C: Lymphatic pumping does not increase because of low
albumin; lymphatic failure would worsen edema but is not
the mechanism here.
• D: Albumin deficiency does not directly stimulate
vasoconstriction or raise hydrostatic pressure.
Teaching Point: Plasma oncotic pressure (albumin) opposes
filtration; low albumin causes interstitial fluid accumulation.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
3
Reference: Ch. 1 — Organization and General Plan of the Body
— Metabolism and Homeostasis
Stem: A febrile patient’s hypothalamic set point is increased by
pyrogenic cytokines. Which intervention best supports
negative-feedback restoration of normal body temperature?
Options:
A. Administer external heat packs to raise skin temperature
B. Provide antipyretic medication to lower hypothalamic set
point effect
C. Encourage rest to conserve energy and maintain the new set
point
D. Increase room temperature to decrease shivering
Correct Answer: B
