ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
8TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)VALERIE C. SCANLON;
TINA SANDERS
TEST BANK
1
Reference: Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization
Question Stem: A nurse assesses a postoperative patient whose
peripheral tissues are swollen and oxygen diffusion seems
reduced. Which level of organization best explains how a
disruption at the cellular membrane can impair overall tissue
oxygenation?
Options:
A. Chemical level
B. Cellular level
C. Tissue level
D. Organ level
,Correct Answer: B. Cellular level
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Cellular-level disruptions (e.g., membrane
damage impairing ion pumps and gas exchange) alter cell
function, reducing oxygen uptake and causing local tissue
hypoxia—linking cell dysfunction to impaired tissue
oxygenation.
• A (Incorrect): The chemical level includes atoms and
molecules but does not by itself explain how membrane
dysfunction translates to impaired tissue oxygenation.
• C (Incorrect): Tissue-level changes are the result of many
affected cells; the proximate cause of impaired oxygen
exchange in this scenario is cellular dysfunction.
• D (Incorrect): Organ-level effects are higher-order
consequences; organ dysfunction follows cellular and
tissue-level pathology rather than explaining initial
membrane-level impairment.
Teaching Point: Cellular membrane integrity is essential for
cell function and tissue oxygenation.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
2
Reference: Ch. 1 — Metabolism and Homeostasis
Question Stem: A patient with fever is shivering despite the
,warm environment. Which homeostatic component is primarily
responsible for initiating shivering to raise body temperature?
Options:
A. Effector
B. Receptor
C. Set point
D. Control center
Correct Answer: D. Control center
Rationales:
• Correct (D): The control center (hypothalamus) compares
receptor input to the set point and activates effectors
(skeletal muscle shivering) to increase body temperature.
• A (Incorrect): Effectors (muscles) execute the response
(shivering) but do not decide to initiate it.
• B (Incorrect): Receptors (thermoreceptors) detect
temperature changes but do not process or command
corrective responses.
• C (Incorrect): The set point is the target temperature
value; it does not directly trigger actions—only the control
center interprets deviations and issues commands.
Teaching Point: The control center interprets receptor
input and directs effectors to restore set points.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
, 3
Reference: Ch. 1 — Terminology and General Plan of the Body
Question Stem: During a vascular assessment, a wound is
described as located on the anterior distal portion of the lower
limb. Which anatomical terms describe the wound location
correctly?
Options:
A. Posterior, proximal
B. Anterior, distal
C. Lateral, superior
D. Medial, deep
Correct Answer: B. Anterior, distal
Rationales:
• Correct (B): “Anterior” indicates the front surface; “distal”
indicates farther from the trunk—accurately describing the
front lower limb farther from the torso.
• A (Incorrect): “Posterior” (back) and “proximal” (closer to
trunk) contradict the described anterior distal location.
• C (Incorrect): “Lateral” (away from midline) and “superior”
(above) do not match the specified anterior and distal
descriptors.
• D (Incorrect): “Medial” (toward midline) and “deep”
(beneath surface) are not equivalent to anterior or distal.
Teaching Point: Use consistent directional terms
(anterior/posterior, proximal/distal) to localize findings.
PHYSIOLOGY
8TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)VALERIE C. SCANLON;
TINA SANDERS
TEST BANK
1
Reference: Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization
Question Stem: A nurse assesses a postoperative patient whose
peripheral tissues are swollen and oxygen diffusion seems
reduced. Which level of organization best explains how a
disruption at the cellular membrane can impair overall tissue
oxygenation?
Options:
A. Chemical level
B. Cellular level
C. Tissue level
D. Organ level
,Correct Answer: B. Cellular level
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Cellular-level disruptions (e.g., membrane
damage impairing ion pumps and gas exchange) alter cell
function, reducing oxygen uptake and causing local tissue
hypoxia—linking cell dysfunction to impaired tissue
oxygenation.
• A (Incorrect): The chemical level includes atoms and
molecules but does not by itself explain how membrane
dysfunction translates to impaired tissue oxygenation.
• C (Incorrect): Tissue-level changes are the result of many
affected cells; the proximate cause of impaired oxygen
exchange in this scenario is cellular dysfunction.
• D (Incorrect): Organ-level effects are higher-order
consequences; organ dysfunction follows cellular and
tissue-level pathology rather than explaining initial
membrane-level impairment.
Teaching Point: Cellular membrane integrity is essential for
cell function and tissue oxygenation.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
2
Reference: Ch. 1 — Metabolism and Homeostasis
Question Stem: A patient with fever is shivering despite the
,warm environment. Which homeostatic component is primarily
responsible for initiating shivering to raise body temperature?
Options:
A. Effector
B. Receptor
C. Set point
D. Control center
Correct Answer: D. Control center
Rationales:
• Correct (D): The control center (hypothalamus) compares
receptor input to the set point and activates effectors
(skeletal muscle shivering) to increase body temperature.
• A (Incorrect): Effectors (muscles) execute the response
(shivering) but do not decide to initiate it.
• B (Incorrect): Receptors (thermoreceptors) detect
temperature changes but do not process or command
corrective responses.
• C (Incorrect): The set point is the target temperature
value; it does not directly trigger actions—only the control
center interprets deviations and issues commands.
Teaching Point: The control center interprets receptor
input and directs effectors to restore set points.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
, 3
Reference: Ch. 1 — Terminology and General Plan of the Body
Question Stem: During a vascular assessment, a wound is
described as located on the anterior distal portion of the lower
limb. Which anatomical terms describe the wound location
correctly?
Options:
A. Posterior, proximal
B. Anterior, distal
C. Lateral, superior
D. Medial, deep
Correct Answer: B. Anterior, distal
Rationales:
• Correct (B): “Anterior” indicates the front surface; “distal”
indicates farther from the trunk—accurately describing the
front lower limb farther from the torso.
• A (Incorrect): “Posterior” (back) and “proximal” (closer to
trunk) contradict the described anterior distal location.
• C (Incorrect): “Lateral” (away from midline) and “superior”
(above) do not match the specified anterior and distal
descriptors.
• D (Incorrect): “Medial” (toward midline) and “deep”
(beneath surface) are not equivalent to anterior or distal.
Teaching Point: Use consistent directional terms
(anterior/posterior, proximal/distal) to localize findings.
