PSYC 101 FINAL PRACTICE EXAM 2025

PSYC 101 FINAL PRACTICE EXAM 2025 What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? a) Classical conditioning is learned from connections between stimuli and operant conditioning is learned through reinforcement and consequences b) Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are the same thing c) Operant conditioning is learned from connections between stimuli and classical conditioning is learned through reinforcement and consequences d) Classical conditioning is learned from punishment and operant conditioning is learned from reinforcement - Correct Ans-a) Classical conditioning is learned from connections between stimuli and operant conditioning is learned through reinforcement and consequences What is an example of a negative reinforcement? a) Going to see a movie with friends after finishing all of your homework b) Giving your dog a treat for being good c) Studying hard and getting a good grade d) Putting your seatbelt on to stop the alarm - Correct Ans-d) Putting your seatbelt on to stop the alarm Positive punishment adds a(n) ___________ consequence which ___________ probability of behavior. Which answer correctly fills in the blanks? a) desirable, increase b) undesirable, decrease c) undesirable, increase d) desirable, decrease - Correct Ans-b) undesirable, decrease Which answer choice correctly describes sensory adaption? a) There is a minimum amount of any given sensation that has to be present for us to notice it b) Smallest difference in amount of stimulus that a specific sense can detect c) If a stimulus is unchanging, we become desensitized to it d) Organizing sensations into meaningful patterns - Correct Ans-c) If a stimulus is unchanging, we become desensitized to it Which part of the eye converts light into nerve impulses? a) Lens b) Retina c) Cornea d) Pupil - Correct Ans-b) Retina What is the elimination of a learned response by removal of the unconditioned stimulus or reinforcement? PSYC 101 PSYC 101 a) Acquisition b) Discrimination c) Generalization d) Extinction - Correct Ans-d) Extinction What is the Arousal Theory? a) People are motivated to behave in ways that produce a valued incentive b) Gender differences in sexual activity, criticism and alternative explanations and gender differences in male preferences c) People are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimum level of bodily arousal d) An inner state that energizes and directs us and keeps us moving towards our goals - Correct Ans-c) People are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimum level of bodily arousal Which of the following is NOT a condition under which social norms exert the greatest influence a) Conditions are uncertain b) Source is similar to us c) Concerned about relationship with the source d) Conditions are certain - Correct Ans-d) Conditions are certain When is it best to give a punishment? a) Punishment is better to do right after the problem has occurred b) Punishment is better to do a few hours after the problem has occurred c) Punishment is better never to do after a problem has occurred d) Punishment is better to do a long time after a problem has occurred - Correct Ans-a) Punishment is better to do right after the problem has occurred What is the difference between REM Sleep and Non-REM Sleep? a) REM sleep is marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, little dreaming and varied EEG activity versus Non-REM sleep is deep stage sleep marked by rapid eye movement, frequency in brain waves and dreaming b) REM Sleep deals with a short duration of sleep versus Non-REM sleep deals with a longer duration of sleep c) REM sleep is marked by a deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, frequency brain waves and dreaming versus Non-REM Sleep is marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, little dreaming and varied EEG activity d) None of the above - Correct Ans-c) REM sleep is marked by a deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, frequency brain waves and dreaming versus Non REM Sleep is marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, little dreaming and varied EEG activity True or False: Selective Attention is the ability to distribute ones attention and simultaneously engage in 2 or more activities a) True b) False - Correct Ans-b) False PSYC 101 PSYC 101 Which is Not one of the 4 types of Stress a) Frustration b) Sadness c) Conflict d) Change e) Pressure - Correct Ans-b) Sadness 1. What distinguishes between-group effects from within-group effects? a) The size of the sample data b) The frequency of observations c) The context in which characteristics are assessed d) All of the above e) None of the above - Correct Ans-c) The context in which characteristics are assessed 2. Which of the following is NOT considered an example of positive risk-taking during adolescence? a) Initiating a new friendship b) Trying new activities c) Engaging in substance use d) Standing up for one's beliefs e) Taking challenging courses - Correct Ans-c) Engaging in substance use 3. Which neurotransmitter is always excitatory and associated with learning and memory? a) GABA b) Glutamate c) Endorphins d) Serotonin e) Dopamine - Correct Ans-b) Glutamate 4. Which of the following is NOT an example of an agonist drug? a) Cocaine b) Nicotine c) Antidepressants d) Curare e) Opiates - Correct Ans-d) Curare 5. Which part of the nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements? a) Central nervous system b) Peripheral nervous system c) Somatic nervous system d) Autonomic nervous system e) Parasympathetic nervous system - Correct Ans-c) Somatic nervous system 6. Which of the following are not health impairing behaviors? PSYC 101 PSYC 101 a) Smoking b) Poor nutritional habit c) Lack of exercise d) Socializing with friends e) Sexual risk taking behaviors - Correct Ans-d) Socializing with friends An unconditioned stimulus naturally elicits excitement. a) True b) False - Correct Ans-a) True Hate stems from anger. a) True b) False - Correct Ans-a) True What hormones are associated with hate? a) Oxytocin b) Cortisol c) adrenaline d) all of the above e) none of the above - Correct Ans-d) all of the above Which is a physiological response that occurs when you see someone you hate? a) Increased heart rate b) Euphoria c) Increased energy d) butterflies in the stomach - Correct Ans-a) Increased heart rate A guinea pig loves carrots and gets excited every time she hears the fridge open. In this scenario what is the unconditioned stimulus? a) the sound of the fridge opening b) the owner c) the carrot d) the smell of the carrot - Correct Ans-c) the carrot Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning? a) A child throwing a tantrum when they don't get what they want b) Your pet getting excited every time they hear a bag rumple c) Your dog getting excited when they smell their food d) A baby crying every time they are hungry - Correct Ans-b) Your pet getting excited every time they hear a bag rumple What is the order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs in order from highest to lowest? a) self actualization needs, esteem needs, belongingness and love needs, safety needs, and physiological/biological needs b) esteem needs, belongingness and love needs, safety needs, physiological/biological needs, and self actualization needs PSYC 101 PSYC 101 c) physiological/biological needs, self actualization needs, esteem needs, belongingness and love needs, and safety needs d) safety needs, physiological/biological needs, self actualization needs, esteem needs, and belongingness and love needs - Correct Ans-a) self actualization needs, esteem needs, belongingness and love needs, safety needs, and physiological/biological needs What are instincts defined as? a) learned tendencies to produce organized and unalterable responses to particular stimuli b) a response in a part of the body to stimulation of a corresponding point on the feet, hands, or head c) an action that is performed without conscious thought as a response to a stimulus d) Inherited tendencies to produce organized and unalterable responses to particular stimuli - Correct Ans-d) Inherited tendencies to produce organized and unalterable responses to particular stimuli Which psychologist discovered classical conditioning? a) B.F. Skinner b) Pavlov c) John Watson d) Wilhelm Wundt - Correct Ans-b) Pavlov Which of the following is NOT one of the 8 steps to happiness? a) thank a mentor b) learn to forgive c) make a lot of money d) take care of your body - Correct Ans-c) make a lot of money A moderate amount of stress can be beneficial to the person experiencing the stress. a) true b) false - Correct Ans-a) true What is the definition of motivation? a. An inner state that energizes and directs us to keep moving toward our goals b. A sympathetic nervous response telling you to achieve your goals c. A parasympathetic nervous response telling you to achieve your goals d. The hippocampus telling you to achieve your goals - Correct Ans-a. An inner state that energizes and directs us to keep moving toward our goals Who came up with the idea of animal magnetism? a. Franz Anton Mesmer b. Sigmund Freud c. Ivan Pavlov d. Wilhelm Wundt - Correct Ans-a. Franz Anton Mesmer Which of the following is NOT an effect of hypnosis? PSYC 101 PSYC 101 a. Sensory distortions b. Hallucinations c. Prevent cancer d. Pain relief - Correct Ans-c. Prevent cancer What can meditation help with according to the Mayo Clinic? a. Allergies b. Diabetes c. Sleep problems d. Both A and C e. None of the above - Correct Ans-d. Both A and C What does NOT occur in the brain during meditation? a. Less activity in the amygdala, where the brain processes fear b. Increased alpha and theta wave activity c. Changes in gray-matter density in parts of the brain associated with memory, sense of self, empathy, and stress d. Instant loss of consciousness - Correct Ans-d. Instant loss of consciousness What is the definition of selective attention? a. The ability to multitask b. The ability to perceive more than one stimuli despite the many different stimuli occurring around you c. The ability to focus awareness on a single stimulus to the exclusion of other stimuli d. None of the above - Correct Ans-c. The ability to focus awareness on a single stimulus to the exclusion of other stimuli Which of the following represents the three conditions under which social norms exert the greatest influence? a) Uncertainty, similarity to the source, concern about the relationship with the source. b) Clarity, dissimilarity to the source, lack of concern about the relationship with the source. c) Uncertainty, dissimilarity to the source, concern about the relationship with the source. d) Clarity, similarity to the source, lack of concern about the relationship with the source. - Correct Ans-a) Uncertainty, similarity to the source, concern about the relationship with the source. Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes between selective attention and divided attention? a) Selective attention involves focusing on multiple tasks simultaneously, while divided attention involves focusing on a single task. b) Selective attention involves focusing on one task or stimulus while ignoring others, while divided attention involves allocating attention to multiple tasks or stimuli