Microbiology Final Exam Questions and Answers

Microbiology Final Exam Questions and Answers What is found in ALL prokaryotic organisms? Ribosomes What is the best description of the log phase of a bacterial growth curve? Populations double under optimum conditions Through feedback inhibition a noncompetitive inhibitor of enzyme activity would... Bind to the allosteric site of the enzyme and stop the reaction Yeast infections such as thrush are caused by what? Candida albicans The outer protein coat of a simple virus particle is called? Capsid In the disease cycle of animal viruses(Lysogenic), uncoating takes place between which two stages? Penetration and biosynthesis What would be used to sterilize disposable prepackaged gloves? Gamma Which type of hepatitis might you acquire by eating raw tomatoes or green onions at a restaurant? Hepatitis A The bacteria that causes meningitis usually attach and multiply in this area of the body Upper respiratory system Helper T cells... Function in both humoral and cell-mediated immune function activation The function of chemical substances such as histamine and leukotrienes would be To stimulate inflammation A cell is said to be _______________ when its cell wall is permeable to foreign DNA Competent An enzyme that assembles free nucleotides to make a molecule of RNA is RNA polymerase What do Rickettsias and Chlamydias have in common with viruses? They are both obligated to live inside of a host cell Who discovered penicillin? Alexander Flemming What is the difference between fimbriae and pili? Pili is involved in bacterial sex(conjugation), whereas fimbriae is just for attachment New strains of the flu are made through _______________ _______________. Antigenic shifts Prokaryotic ribosome subunits = 50 + 30 = 70 Eukaryotic ribosome subunits = 60 + 40 = 80 Fermenters Homolactic, Alcohol, Ethanol The prefix for fungi is Myco- could be used in the word Mycology (the study of fungi) or Mycoses (a fungi-related disease) Endotoxin Gram negative Exotoxin Gram positive Lytic The virus hijacks the cell and then destroys it Lysogenic The virus integrates itself into the DNA and stays there indefinitely What is the least effective antibiotic? Penicillin What does betalactimase do? Creates resistance to penicillin Chlamydia has _____________ bodies elementary Treatment for tetanus? If you have been vaccinated (DTaP) before exposure: If you have not been vaccinated: Tetanus immune globulin What is the leading cause of blindness? Trachoma What causes trachoma? Chlamydia Varicella zoster aka Chicken pox What bacteria causes cavities? Streptococcus mutans Bacteria use CAPSULES Where does transcription occur? The nucleus Where does translation occur? The cytoplasm What develops as a complication of strep throat? Rheumatic fever IgG Previous exposure Can cross the placenta Monomer Longer lasting immunity IgA Dimer Secretions (saliva, tears) Most abundant IgM Pentomer Held together by "J-chain" 1st antibody to react Largest Current infection IgD Monomer Found on surface of B-cells Helps immediate immune response IgE Monomer On Basophils Allergic reactions & Parasitic worms Rank the WBC's from most to least abundant Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil Neutrophil Phagocytic Lymphocyte Specific immunity T-cells, B-cells & natural killer cells Monocyte Phagocytic as mature macrophages Eosinophil Toxic to parasites Basophils Produce histamines to combat allergic reactions What are chemoheterotrophs? Organisms that get carbon from organic material such as proteins, carbohydrates & lipids What are chemoautotrophs & photoautotrophs? They get their carbon from carbon dioxide Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use aerobic respiration as a way to produce ATP, but you get the (most/least) ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes Most What is the final electron acceptor? Oxygen What are medically important fungi that exhibit dimorphism? Yeast-like & filamentous fungi What makes up the envelope of some viruses? Phospholipids from the host cell membrane Fungi that cause systemic mycoses lives where? They live in the soil as saprophytes What are the three stages of syphilis? Primary stage - chancre sores Secondary stage - rash on soles of feet and palms Tertiary stage - gummas Which stages of syphilis are infective? The primary and secondary stages Why is mycobacterium hard to treat? Because it has a slow metabolic and growth rate Septicemia is also known as Blood poisoning Bacteremia is ______________ in the blood Bacteria Inflammation is stimulated by chemicals such as Histamines and leukotrienes Plasma cells make Antibodies & release them into the blood stream What is clonal selection? The process by which B-cells are activated by an antigen Where do monocytes and macrophages bond to on an antibody? The Fc region What activates the cell mediated response of the immune system? Antigen presenting cells Transcription DNA ------> RNA Translation RNA ------> Protein What bacteria causes Tetanus? Clostridium tetani What bacteria causes Strep? Streptococcus pyogens What bacteria causes Lyme disease? Borellia burgdorferi What bacteria causes Pneumococcal meningitis? Streptococcus pnuemoniae What bacteria causes Tuberculosis? Mycobacterium tuberculosis What bacteria causes Staphylococcal food poisoning? Staphylococcus aureus What bacteria causes Salmonellosis? Salmonella enterica What bacteria causes Syphilis? Treponema pallidum First line of defense skin, mucous membrane, secretions Second line of defense white blood cells, antimicrobial protiens, and inflammatory response Third line of defense lymphocytes & antibodies Alpha hemolysis partial lysis; green halo Beta hemolysis full lysis; clear halo DTaP vaccine Diptheria, Tetanus, & Pertussis Tuberculosis vaccine BCG Intoxication illness in which bacterial toxins are ingested with food or water infection illness in which live bacterial pathogens are ingested and grow in the body Malaria transmission Anopheles mosquito Chicken pox(herpes simplex 3) goes latent where? Ganglia Herpes 1 goes latent where? Trigeminal pseadopods(eukaryotic membrane) locomotion and engulfing phagoycytes(white blood cell)