CHEM 122 MIDTERM EXAM 2026

CHEM 122 MIDTERM EXAM 2026 Lewis acid - -Electron pair acceptor Lewis base - -Electron pair donor Arrhenius acid - -A substance when placed in water increases the H+ concentration Arrhenius base - -A substance when placed in water increases the OH- concentration Bronsted-Lowry base - -Proton acceptor Bronsted-Lowry acid - -Proton donor pH - --log [H+] Henderson-Hasselbalch equation - -pH=pKa + log [base/acid] 1st law of thermodynamics - -Heat and energy are conserved 2nd law of thermodynamics - -Change in S univ =0 for spontaneous processes and >0 for nonspontaneous processes 3rd law of thermodynamics - -Entropy of pure cyrstalline solid is 0 at 0 K Half life of first order reactions - -t 1/2 = 0.693/k Arrhenius equation - -k=Ae^-Ea/RT + ln A Logarithmic form of Arrhenius equation - -Ln k=-Ea/RT +ln A First order rate law - -ln [A]t/[A]0 =-kt Second order rate law - -1/[A]t=kt +1/[A]0 Dispersion forces - -operates between all molecules, weakest intermolecular force Dipole-dipole forces - -Between two dipoles Hydrogen bonding - -Can only occur with O-H, F-H and N-H bonds, stronger than dipole-dipole Ion dipole - -Bonding between an ion and dipole, strongest CHEM 122 CHEM 122 Molarity - -Moles solute/liters solute Molality - -Moles of solute / kilograms of solvent Ppm - -Mass of component in soln/ total mass soln × 10^6 Mass % of component - -Mass of component in soln/ total mass of soln × 100 Reduction - -When the oxidation state changes from a larger number to a smaller one, gains electrons Oxidation - -When the oxidation state changes from a smaller number to a larger one, loses electrons Oxidizing agent - -Oxidizes another substance while being reduced itself Reducing agent - -Reduces another substance while being oxidized itself Colligative properties - -Depend on the collective effect of the number of solute particles Types of colligative properties - -Freezing point lowering boiling point raising vapor pressure lowering and osmotic pressure Raoult's law - -Psolution=XsolutionP^0solvent Van't Hoff factor - -i Osmotic pressure equation - -II=i (n/V) RT = iMRT Mole fraction of component - -Moles of component / total moles of all components Boiling point elevation equation - -The change in Tb = iKbm freezing point lowering equation - -The change in Tf = -iKfm Viscosity - -Resistance to flow of a liquid Zeroth integrated rate law - -[A]t=-kt + [A]0 Equation relating Kp and Kc - -Kp=Kc (RT)^change in mol product-mol reactant Heterogeneous equilibria - -Substances in equilibrium are in different phases Percent ionization - -Concentration of ionized HA/original concentration HA × 100% Body centered radius - -r=square root 3*d/4 CHEM 122 CHEM 122 Face centered radius - -r=square root 2*d/4 Phase change equation - -Change in H=mc×change in T For phase change - -Mass×heat of fusion or vap=heat Kp equation - -Kp= Kc (RT)^change in n