ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM PACK
Master Advanced Pathophysiology: Your
Ultimate Exam Preparation Pack with A+ graded
answers
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane pump may be impaired. Which of the
following may then result?
a.intracellular sodium will increase
b. extracellular potassium will decrease
c. cell volume will decrease
d. all of the above - Answer- A
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial infarction in which a large part
of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are significantly elevated. What is the
best explanation for this?
a. It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into the blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above. - Answer- A
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr. Forbes, which of the following
findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP production
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolution of nuclear material - Answer- D
The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy production results from which of the following?
a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
d. increased oxidative phosphorylation - Answer- B
1|Page
, ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM PACK
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his equipment and supplies in an
avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP
is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - Answer- C
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain tissue supplied by this artery
becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - Answer- A
Increased mobilization and delivery of free fatty acids to liver cells can result in fat accumulation. Which of the
following problems results in increased mobilization of free fatty acids?
a. anemia
b. hepatic toxins
c. starvation
d. hypoxia - Answer- C
Generalized hypoxia results in a switch to anaerobic metabolism in cells. Anaerobic metabolism results in which of
the following?
a. decreased lactic acid inside cells
b. decreased arterial pH
c. more effective ATP production
d. increased pH inside cells - Answer- B
There is a disease of the spleen, which results in an excessive destruction of RBCs. This increase in RBC destruction
can lead to which of the following?
a. hypoxia
b. hypobilirubinemia
c. an increase in platelets
d. all of the above - Answer- A
2|Page
, ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM PACK
Your body has developed an increased demand for thyroid hormones. This will lead to ____________ of the
thyroid gland.
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. dysplasia
d. metaplasia - Answer- B
Direct cell membrane destruction may result from which of the following?
a. complement activation
b. bacterial enzymes
c. free radicals
d. all of the above - Answer- D
Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis?
a. It occurrence may be physiological or pathological.
b. It does not stimulate the inflammatory process.
c. It results in phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell.
d. all of the above. - Answer- D
Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as:
a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia. - Answer- D
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - Answer- C
Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury?
a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm
b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
3|Page
, ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM PACK
c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. release of lysosomal enzymes - Answer- D
Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury?
a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes rupture of small arterioles and release of free
radicals.
b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical production from neutrophils that accumulated
in the area.
c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the sodium-potassium pump.
d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously ischemic cells. - Answer- B
Which of the following best describes free radicals?
a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced exogenously during ischemia
b. unstable molecules that are normal products of oxidative metabolism and are removed by endogenous
antioxidants
c. stable molecules that have an affinity for iron in the cytoplasm of the cell
d. none of the above - Answer- B
The usual fate of apoptotic cells is which of the following?
a. metaplastic transformation
b. calcification
c. hypertrophy
d. phagocytosis
e. neoplastic transformation - Answer- D
Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between cell necrosis and apoptosis?
a. Apoptosis is a more rapid process.
b. Apoptosis is usually initiated by ischemia-induced cell injury.
c. Apoptosis is genetically controlled.
d. Apoptosis characteristically involves rupture of the cell membrane. - Answer- C
You are a nurse practitioner working in an outpatient clinic. Your patient's echocardiogram shows moderate aortic
stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve). You know that the stenotic valve creates an increased resistance against
which the left ventricle contracts. The cellular adaptation most likely to occur in the left ventricle is which of the
following?
a. atrophy
4|Page
Master Advanced Pathophysiology: Your
Ultimate Exam Preparation Pack with A+ graded
answers
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane pump may be impaired. Which of the
following may then result?
a.intracellular sodium will increase
b. extracellular potassium will decrease
c. cell volume will decrease
d. all of the above - Answer- A
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial infarction in which a large part
of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are significantly elevated. What is the
best explanation for this?
a. It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into the blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above. - Answer- A
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr. Forbes, which of the following
findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP production
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolution of nuclear material - Answer- D
The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy production results from which of the following?
a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
d. increased oxidative phosphorylation - Answer- B
1|Page
, ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM PACK
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his equipment and supplies in an
avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP production. The reason for the decrease in ATP
is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - Answer- C
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain tissue supplied by this artery
becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - Answer- A
Increased mobilization and delivery of free fatty acids to liver cells can result in fat accumulation. Which of the
following problems results in increased mobilization of free fatty acids?
a. anemia
b. hepatic toxins
c. starvation
d. hypoxia - Answer- C
Generalized hypoxia results in a switch to anaerobic metabolism in cells. Anaerobic metabolism results in which of
the following?
a. decreased lactic acid inside cells
b. decreased arterial pH
c. more effective ATP production
d. increased pH inside cells - Answer- B
There is a disease of the spleen, which results in an excessive destruction of RBCs. This increase in RBC destruction
can lead to which of the following?
a. hypoxia
b. hypobilirubinemia
c. an increase in platelets
d. all of the above - Answer- A
2|Page
, ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM PACK
Your body has developed an increased demand for thyroid hormones. This will lead to ____________ of the
thyroid gland.
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. dysplasia
d. metaplasia - Answer- B
Direct cell membrane destruction may result from which of the following?
a. complement activation
b. bacterial enzymes
c. free radicals
d. all of the above - Answer- D
Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis?
a. It occurrence may be physiological or pathological.
b. It does not stimulate the inflammatory process.
c. It results in phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell.
d. all of the above. - Answer- D
Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as:
a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia. - Answer- D
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - Answer- C
Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury?
a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm
b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
3|Page
, ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM PACK
c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. release of lysosomal enzymes - Answer- D
Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury?
a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes rupture of small arterioles and release of free
radicals.
b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical production from neutrophils that accumulated
in the area.
c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the sodium-potassium pump.
d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously ischemic cells. - Answer- B
Which of the following best describes free radicals?
a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced exogenously during ischemia
b. unstable molecules that are normal products of oxidative metabolism and are removed by endogenous
antioxidants
c. stable molecules that have an affinity for iron in the cytoplasm of the cell
d. none of the above - Answer- B
The usual fate of apoptotic cells is which of the following?
a. metaplastic transformation
b. calcification
c. hypertrophy
d. phagocytosis
e. neoplastic transformation - Answer- D
Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between cell necrosis and apoptosis?
a. Apoptosis is a more rapid process.
b. Apoptosis is usually initiated by ischemia-induced cell injury.
c. Apoptosis is genetically controlled.
d. Apoptosis characteristically involves rupture of the cell membrane. - Answer- C
You are a nurse practitioner working in an outpatient clinic. Your patient's echocardiogram shows moderate aortic
stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve). You know that the stenotic valve creates an increased resistance against
which the left ventricle contracts. The cellular adaptation most likely to occur in the left ventricle is which of the
following?
a. atrophy
4|Page
