PSYCH 375 MIDTERM #1 STUDY GUIDE
Who came up with dualism? - Answer -Descartes
Descartes famous quote - Answer -I think, therefore I am
Dualism theory - Answer -the physical can be doubted, thought cannot
rationalism - Answer -knowledge is acquired through reasoning and logic
empiricism - Answer -knowledge is acquired through experience
who came up with introspectionism? - Answer -Wundt and Titchener
what did introspectionism for? - Answer -attempted to study thoughts using the
scientific method
introspectionism problems - Answer -poor between subject's reliability
observing one's thoughts changes them
aphantasia (imageless thought) debate
aphantasia - Answer -imageless thought -- introspectionism debate
what was behaviorism a response to? - Answer -introspectionism
key players of behaviorism - Answer -watson, skinner, pavlov
tenets of behaviorism - Answer -observables
parsimony
behavior can be broken down into basic concepts
classical conditioning - Answer -pavlov's dogs
operant conditioning - Answer -skinner box
what did skinner believe about his boxes and operant conditioning? - Answer -that it
could explain all behavior
what where the challenges to behaviorism - Answer -- inability to account for all animal
behavior
- inability to go from animal to human models
- inability to account for/explain abstract constructs
inability to account for all animal behavior - Answer -critical periods
, inability to go from animal to human models - Answer -wasn't generalizable
inability to account for/explain abstract constructs - Answer -Chomsky: colorless green
ideas sleep furiously
novel experiences
What is an abstract construct for challenging behaviorism? - Answer -memory
what does the cognitive perspective focus on? - Answer -mental processes
what does the cognitive perspective emphasize? - Answer -information and how it is
transformed
the cognitive perspective - Answer -thinks in terms of stages in which information is
transformed; information flow
stages in the cognitive perspective are - Answer -insulated
how many hands did Aristotle have?
the front of the river doesn't know what the back of the river is doing
validity - Answer -The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure
internal validity - Answer -how closely we are getting to the concept that we are aiming
at
external validity - Answer -applicability to different scenarios
ecological validity - Answer -the applicability (or otherwise) of the findings of laboratory
studies to everyday settings
naturalistic observations - Answer -high ecological validity
may have low internal validity
lab experiments - Answer -higher internal validity
good reliaibiltiy
low external/ecological validity
reliabilty - Answer -how consistent the measurement is
test-retest - Answer -a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a
test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions
inter-rater reliabiltiy - Answer -those who administer the study know what they are
looking for and can agree on results of study
Who came up with dualism? - Answer -Descartes
Descartes famous quote - Answer -I think, therefore I am
Dualism theory - Answer -the physical can be doubted, thought cannot
rationalism - Answer -knowledge is acquired through reasoning and logic
empiricism - Answer -knowledge is acquired through experience
who came up with introspectionism? - Answer -Wundt and Titchener
what did introspectionism for? - Answer -attempted to study thoughts using the
scientific method
introspectionism problems - Answer -poor between subject's reliability
observing one's thoughts changes them
aphantasia (imageless thought) debate
aphantasia - Answer -imageless thought -- introspectionism debate
what was behaviorism a response to? - Answer -introspectionism
key players of behaviorism - Answer -watson, skinner, pavlov
tenets of behaviorism - Answer -observables
parsimony
behavior can be broken down into basic concepts
classical conditioning - Answer -pavlov's dogs
operant conditioning - Answer -skinner box
what did skinner believe about his boxes and operant conditioning? - Answer -that it
could explain all behavior
what where the challenges to behaviorism - Answer -- inability to account for all animal
behavior
- inability to go from animal to human models
- inability to account for/explain abstract constructs
inability to account for all animal behavior - Answer -critical periods
, inability to go from animal to human models - Answer -wasn't generalizable
inability to account for/explain abstract constructs - Answer -Chomsky: colorless green
ideas sleep furiously
novel experiences
What is an abstract construct for challenging behaviorism? - Answer -memory
what does the cognitive perspective focus on? - Answer -mental processes
what does the cognitive perspective emphasize? - Answer -information and how it is
transformed
the cognitive perspective - Answer -thinks in terms of stages in which information is
transformed; information flow
stages in the cognitive perspective are - Answer -insulated
how many hands did Aristotle have?
the front of the river doesn't know what the back of the river is doing
validity - Answer -The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure
internal validity - Answer -how closely we are getting to the concept that we are aiming
at
external validity - Answer -applicability to different scenarios
ecological validity - Answer -the applicability (or otherwise) of the findings of laboratory
studies to everyday settings
naturalistic observations - Answer -high ecological validity
may have low internal validity
lab experiments - Answer -higher internal validity
good reliaibiltiy
low external/ecological validity
reliabilty - Answer -how consistent the measurement is
test-retest - Answer -a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a
test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions
inter-rater reliabiltiy - Answer -those who administer the study know what they are
looking for and can agree on results of study
