Microbiology Exam 1 Chapters 1-4 Questions and Answers

Microbiology Exam 1 Chapters 1-4 Questions and Answers Microbes live in us, on us, and nearly everywhere around us. Which of the following activities are microbes involved in? A) decomposing dead animals B) aiding the digestive processes of grazing animals C) capturing energy from the sun D) all of the above (Chapter 1) D) all of the above Which of the following is a reason microorganisms are useful in many different research laboratories (such as ecology, biochemistry, evolution, and genetics)? A) they are easy to see and count B) they have fairly complex structures and are expensive C) they reproduce fast and grow in large numbers D) they live everywhere so contaminants from the environment are not a problem (Chapter 1) C) they reproduce fast and grow in large numbers Microbiology is the study of bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Most of these are single-celled, except for which two: A) bacteria (some of which are multicellular) and algae (which are nonliving proteins) B) viruses (which are not cells) and fungi (some have many cells) C) protozoa (which are not made of cells) and fungi (which are free nucleic acids) D) bacteria (some of which have no cells) and viruses (made of many cells) (Chapter 1) B) viruses (which are not cells) and fungi (some have many cells) A parasitologist studies parasites. What does a mycologist study? A) protozoa B) how viruses cause disease and are involved in cancer C) the development of chemical substances to treat diseases D) fungi (Chapter 1) D) fungi What discovery was crucial to the founding of the field of microbiology? A) isolation of lepers limiting the spread of infectious disease B) agglutination of bacteria in immune serum C) the chemical composition of DNA, the genetic material D) microscopes that allowed for the direct observation of microbes (Chapter 1) D) microscopes that allowed for the direct observation of microbes The English scientist Robert Hooke coined the term cell because the small boxes he saw in the microscope reminded him of a monks room. What is the cell theory that was later proposed? Group of answer choices A) cells are fundamental units of life B) replication requires the division of cells into teo equal cells C) hereditary information is passed on in the form of DNA D) all organisms are unicellular, made up of one cell (Chapter 1) A) cells are fundamental units of life Koch's postulates were A) specific to anthrax and tuberculosis but don't apply to other diseases B) designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease C) strict in that microorganisms isolated from experimentally inoculated hosts had to be different from the microorganism that was introduced into the host D) interpreted as many organisms could cause the same disease (Chapter 1) B) designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease Vaccines are A) specific disease-causing molecules that incorporate into cells B) the causative agent of Black Death C) selective chemicals used to treat infectious disease D) preparations that establish immunity to a disease (Chapter 1) D) preparations that establish immunity to a disease Microbiologists investigate problems by designing and carrying out experiments. What is true about the scientific method? A) a hypothesis is the definitive explanation to account for the observation and therefore does not need to be tested B) a prediction is the factor that can change but are prevented from changing during the duration of the experiment C) a good hypothesis is one that offers the simplest, most reasonable explanation and can be tested D) the goal of an experiment is to prove that scientists are always correct in their predictions (Chapter 1) C) a good hypothesis is one that offers the simplest, most reasonable explanation and can be tested Bacteriophages are A) modified antibiotics that are used in the Soviet Union B) viruses that attack and kill specific kinds of bacteria including antibiotic resistant bacteria C) used to introduce genes in gene therapy D) some of the genes in the human genome (Chapter 1) B) viruses that attack and kill specific kinds of bacteria including antibiotic resistant bacteria Over 100 microbial genomes have been sequenced; beyond yielding insight into microbial genomes, these sequencing projects have been important because: A) they developed the techniques that allowed for the Human Genome Project B) knowing how many chromosomes a microbe has lets us know if it causes disease C) without the sequence of the genome we cannot tell what the organism uses as its genetic material D) it demonstrated that microorganisms do not cause infectious diseases (Chapter 1) A) they developed the techniques that allowed for the Human Genome Project Which of the following diseases has been eradicated? A) chicken pox B) measles C) smallpox D) mumps (Chapter 1) C) smallpox A pure culture refers to A) a culture containing bacteria that all have the same shape B) a culture which has never been used to inoculate a patient C) a culture which causes only a single disease D) a culture which contains only a single organism (Chapter 1) D) a culture which contains only a single organism The first person to use a microscope to observe living cells was A) Robert Hooke B) Mathias Schleiden C) Anton van Leeuwenhoek D) Louis Pasteur (Chapter 1) C) Anton van Leeuwenhoek A microorganism that causes disease is called A) pathogenic B) phagocytic C) virogenic D) algae (Chapter 1) A) pathogenic Bioterrorism A) involves using antibiotics and vaccines for terrorist means B) converts factories to produce tanks, trucks and cars C) prevents getting bacteria into ground beef to keep our food supply safe D) uses microbes, such as anthrax, as part of terrorist attacks (Chapter 1) D) uses microbes, such as anthrax, as part of terrorist attacks The study of chemical reactions that occur in microbes is A) microbial ecology B) taxonomy C) microbial metabolism D) epidemiology (Chapter 1) C) microbial metabolism Which of the following statements about pasteurization is false? A) involves heating a substance to 56oC in the absence of oxygen for 30 minutes B) kills unwanted organisms C) pasteurization was originally developed as a method to keep milk from spoiling D) was developed by Pasteur (Chapter 1) C) pasteurization was originally developed as a method to keep milk from spoiling While a doctor may diagnose and treat a patient who presents with a disease, an epidemiologist A) helps in the development and use of vaccines B) investigates what organism is responsible for a particular patients disease C) figures out how to use microorganisms to clean up the environment D) studies the frequency and distribution of the disease in the community (Chapter 1) D) studies the frequency and distribution of the disease in the community All of the following statements agree with the germ theory of disease, except: A) microorganisms can invade other organisms and cause disease B) maggots only grow on meat that is left in an open flask because microbes are transmitted by flies and do not spontaneously generate C) disease causing organisms will spontaneously generate D) disease is not caused by bad air or spirits (Chapter 1) C) disease causing organisms will spontaneously generate Louis Pasteur made several important contributions to microbiology. These included studying wine making, diseases in silkworms and which of the following Group of answer choices A) associated diseases with multiple different organisms, such as the 3 different organisms which caused the same silkworm disease B) developing the first rabies vaccine C) used swan-necked flasks to prove that air contained the vital force that brought microbes D) discovering a method to introduce unwanted organisms into food and wine (Chapter 1) B) developing the first rabies vaccine Bacteriophages have been successfully used in all of the following circumstances, except A) to treat wounds of Soviet Union soldiers B) to prevent Listeria infections on cut apples and melons C) to remove E. coli 0157:H7 from herds of animals D) to attack weeds (Chapter 1) D) to attack weeds Koch developed tuberculin, which he hoped would be a vaccine against tuberculosis. Tuberculin is A) the current vaccine used against tuberculosis B) responsible for definitively proving that one organism causes one disease C) administered as a skin test to diagnose tuberculosis D) an exception to germ theory (Chapter 1) C) administered as a skin test to diagnose tuberculosis Which of the following statements are true about infection control? Group of answer choices A) Semmelweiss encouraged physicians to go directly from autopsies to examining women in labor without changing their white coats in hopes of reducing puerperal fever. B) Surgery which uses aseptic technique increases surgical wound infections. C) Lister aided infection control by encouraging wounds to be left open to the air instead of using bandages. D) Semmelweiss was ridiculed by physicians for his suggestion that physicians should wash their hands and adopt more sanitary practices before seeing patients. (Chapter 1) D) Semmelweiss was ridiculed by physicians for his suggestion that physicians should wash their hands and adopt more sanitary practices before seeing patients. Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) Protein-amino acids B) Nucleic acids-nucleotides C) Carbohydrates-glucose D) Fats-aldehyde (Chapter 2) D) Fats-aldehyde A nucleic acid has a "backbone" consisting of A) nitrogenous bases B) sugars C) phosphates D) b and c (Chapter 2) D) b and c Proteins are chains of ___ that sometimes function as ____ A) disaccharides; cell wall B) amino acids; enzymes C) lipids; energy compounds D) glycogen; enzymes (Chapter 2) B) amino acids; enzymes The total number of protons in an atom is equal to its A) atomic weight B) molecular weight C) chemical weight D) atomic number (Chapter 2) D) atomic number Which one of the following pairs is matched correctly? A) carbon-organic compounds B) glucose-hydrogen bonds C) ions-covalent bonds D) phosphate-enzyme (Chapter 2) A) carbon-organic compounds When sodium hydroxide, a strong base, is added to water, the pH of the solution A) goes up B) remains the same C) goes down D) cannot be determined (Chapter 2) A) goes up The double helix is a structure associated with A) disaccharides B) a compound with hydrogen bonds C) lipids D) DNA (Chapter 2) D) DNA In order to become an ion, an atom of chlorine must A) gain an electron B) form a covalent bond C) lose an electron D) form a hydrogen bond (Chapter 2) A) gain an electron When proteins are made up of several polypeptide chains, the arrangement of these chains is referred to as A) primary structure B) secondary structure C) tertiary structure D) quaternary structure (Chapter 2) D) quaternary structure Two or more atoms combine to form A) a cation. B) a molecule. C) a protein. D) an ion. (Chapter 2) B) a molecule. Atoms take part in bond formation to A) form polypeptides B) attain a stable electron configuration C) increase their charge density D) increase their energy (Chapter 2) B) attain a stable electron configuration Ions with opposite charges are generally held together by A) covalent bonds B) ionic bonds C) hydrogen bonds D) municipal bonds (Chapter 2) B) ionic bonds The smallest particle of matter that can take part in chemical reactions A) glucose B) compound C) neutron D) atom (Chapter 2) D) atom The three fundamental particles of the atom are A) elements, molecules, compounds B) ions, cations, anions C) proteins, lipids, sugars D) proton, neutron, electron (Chapter 2) D) proton, neutron, electron Chemical reactions occur A) between elements that have magnetic repulsion B) rarely as very few elements have electrons in their outer shell C) during metabolism as they are necessary for making the substance of cells D) only in eukaryotes as they require a nucleus (Chapter 2) C) during metabolism as they are necessary for making the substance of cells Combinations that form from mixtures of different elements are called A) isotopes B) atoms C) ions D) compounds (Chapter 2) D) compounds The atomic nucleus consists of A) cations and anions B) protons, electrons and neutrons C) protons and neutrons D) solutes and colloids (Chapter 2) C) protons and neutrons Electrons that have more energy have a ____ charge and are found in the _____. A) positive; inner electron shell B) positive; outer electron shell C) negative; nucleus D) negative; outer electron shell (Chapter 2) D) negative; outer electron shell Chemically stable atoms are inert or less likely to form chemical bonds. What characterizes a chemically stable element? A) has eight electrons in the outer shell B) has the same number of protons as electrons C) atomic number is equal to the atomic mass D) forms hydrogen bonds (Chapter 2) A) has eight electrons in the outer shell An ion is all of the following except A) a charged atom B) an atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons C) either a cation or an anion D) an atom with the same number of protons as electrons (Chapter 2) D) an atom with the same number of protons as electrons Which is a false statement about chemical reactions? A) catabolic reactions are exergonic and release energy B) polymerization and the building up of large molecules is a catabolic reaction C) anabolic reactions require energy D) energy is stored in the form of chemical bonds (Chapter 2) B) polymerization and the building up of large molecules is a catabolic reaction Solutions made up of molecules that are not chemically bonded and are not limited to specific proportions are called A) mixtures B) elements C) chemical compounds D) polar compounds (Chapter 2) A) mixtures Ketones, alcohol, aldehyde and organic acid are four of the organic compounds found in all living cells. What do these four classes of organic compounds share? A) They contain the same atoms but differ in structure B) They are chains of carbon atoms with functional groups that contain oxygen C) They are all fully oxidized D) They can only be synthesized inside a cell (Chapter 2) B) They are chains of carbon atoms with functional groups that contain oxygen What is true about oxidation? A) the more oxidized a molecule the less energy it contains B) is the removal of oxygen or the addition of hydrogen or electrons to a substance C) gasoline represents the extreme of energy-rich oxidized compounds D) oxidation reactions only occur in polar compounds (Chapter 2) A) the more oxidized a molecule the less energy it contains Disaccharides, such as sucrose and lactose, are formed from A) two monosaccharides connected by a glycoside bond B) chains of two amino acids C) a long chain of carbon atoms and a carboxyl group at one end of the chain D) three fatty acids combined with glycerol (Chapter 2) A) two monosaccharides connected by a glycoside bond Which of the following statements about resolution is true? A) refers to the ability of a lens to distinguish adjacent objects B) with regard to light, means the same thing as wavelength C) refers to a microscope's ability to magnify objects D) is equal to the distance between two adjacent crests of a wave (Chapter 3) A) refers to the ability of a lens to distinguish adjacent objects A compound light microscope can generally see objects no smaller than A) a ribosome B) a large protozoa C) a small bacterium D) a typical virus (Chapter 3) C) a small bacterium Light of ____ wavelength typically will result in _____ resolution. A) longer, better B) shorter, better C) any, poor D) shorter, worse (Chapter 3) B) shorter, better The formula for resolving power of a lens is Lambda/2NA (wavelength/2 x numerical aperture). What does this say about resolving power? A) the smaller the wavelength the greater the resolving power of the lens B) it is not related the lens' numerical aperture C) we can not precisely calculate the resolving power of a lens D) a larger resolving power is indicative of a better lens (Chapter 3) A) the smaller the wavelength the greater the resolving power of the lens When light passes through an object, _____ of the light has occurred. A) reflection B) absorption C) transmission D) fluorescence (Chapter 3) C) transmission When light bends as it passes through an object, _______ of the light has occurred. A) reflection B) absorption C) transmission D) refraction (Chapter 3) D) refraction In order to make use of light for a microscopic examination of an object the object must ______ or _______ light. A) absorb, luminesce B) transmit, absorb C) transmit, reflect D) reflect, absorb (Chapter 3) C) transmit, reflect Electron microscopes have a much better resolving power when compared to light microscopes because A) electrons are invisible to the eye B) electrons have longer wavelengths than visible light rays C) electrons have shorter wavelengths than visible light rays D) electrons are negatively charged (Chapter 3) C) electrons have shorter wavelengths than visible light rays Why is diffraction a problem for microscopy? A) because the lens acts as a large aperture through which light must pass B) the small size of higher-power lenses causes severe diffraction C) loss of light results in blurred images D) diffraction of light is useful when using an oil immersion lens to view objects (Chapter 3) B) the small size of higher-power lenses causes severe diffraction The lens closest to the slide during a microscopic examination is the A) ocular B) objective C) condenser D) compound (Chapter 3) B) objective A compound microscope A) has two eyepieces B) has a total magnfication of 5,000X C) has only fine adjustment and no coarse adjustment D) has more than one lens (Chapter 3) D) has more than one lens Ultraviolet light is a key component of A) bright-field microscopy B) dark-field microscopy C) phase-contrast microscopy D) fluorescence microscopy (Chapter 3) D) fluorescence microscopy Electron microscopes A) that are scanning have better resolution than those that are transmission B) are much more expensive and take up more space than light microscopes C) can use the same preparations of specimens that have been prepared for viewing with a light microscope D) have a resolving power approximately 10 times better than the best light microscope (Chapter 3) B) are much more expensive and take up more space than light microscopes Three dimensional views of cells and other small objects could best be obtained using a A) phase contrast microscope B) dark-field microscope C) transmission electron microscope D) scanning electron microscope (Chapter 3) D) scanning electron microscope Which of the following can be used to examine live specimens? A) transmission electron microscope B) scanning electron microscope C) scanning tunneling electron microscope D) atomic force microscope (Chapter 3) C) scanning tunneling electron microscope The technique that involves the evaporation of water from a frozen and fractured specimen is called A) shadow casting B) freeze-etching C) heat fixation D) freeze-fracturing (Chapter 3) B) freeze-etching The term "basic dyes" refers to the fact that these dyes A) are easily prepared B) are positively charged C) are attracted to positively charged cell structures D) are simple in their composition (Chapter 3) B) are positively charged A simple stain A) uses only a single dye B) requires only one step to stain a slide C) distinguishes between two different parts of an organism D) is composed of an equal balance of acid and basic dyes (Chapter 3) A) uses only a single dye