Microbiology Chapter 1 Questions and Answers

Microbiology Chapter 1 Questions and Answers Microorganisms Organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye Germ Rapidly growing cell Pathogenic Disease-causing What are some good things that microbes do? 1. Decompose organic waste (Without them we'd have too much waste) 2. They are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis 3. They produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone 4. Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread. 5. Produce products used in manufacturing and treatment (insulin) 6. Create Designer Jeans What does the knowledge of microorganisms allow humans to do? 1. Prevent food spoilage 2. Prevent disease occurrence (prevention by understanding them) 3. Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in meds and in labs What are aseptic techniques? Techniques that keeps thing sterile and avoids cross contamination to prevent spread Who established the system of scientific nomenclature? Linnaeus Each organism has two names, what are these two names called? The Genus and the Species (aka specific epithet) How do scientific names differ from other names? Scientific names are italicized or underlined. Also, the genus is capitalized which the species is lower case. (Ex. E.coli) Scientific names are latinized and used worldwide and can be very descriptive or they can honor a scientist. What is Escherichia coli and how did it get that name? Escherichia coli is also known as E.coli. E.coli honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes the habitat of the E.coli which is in the large intestine or colon (coli). What is Staphylococcus aureus and how did it get that name? Staphylococcus aureus describes the arrangement of the bacterium which is: clustered (staphylo) spperical (cocci) cells, Along with the gold color of the bacterium's colonies (aureus). How are scientific names used when writing a paper or a lab report? After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the specific epithet. What are some types of microorganisms? 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Fungi 4. Protozoa 5. Algae 6. Viruses 7. Multicellular animal parasites *Refer to pictures in book Bacteria -Prokaryotic (No nucleus) -Peptidoglycan cell walls -Binary Fission -For energy they use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, and also occasionally photosynthesis. Archaea -Prokaryotic (No nucleus) -Lack Peptidoglycan -Live in extreme environments -Examples: Methanogens, (live in high conc. of methane) Extreme Halophiles (love salt), and Extreme thermophiles (love heat) Fungi -Eukaryotes -Chitin Cell Walls -Use Organic Chemicals for energy -Molds and Mushrooms Are molds and mushrooms unicellular or multicellular? They are multicellular and they consist of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae. Are Yeasts unicellular or multicellular? Unicellular Protozoa -Eukaryotes -Absorb or ingest organic chemicals and the shape changes depending on particle going to be absorbed May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella -Example: Ameoba Algae -Eukaryotes -Cellulose cell walls -Use photosynthesis for energy -Produces molecular oxygen and organic compounds Viruses -Acellular -Consist of DNA or RNA core -The core is surrounded by a protein coat -Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell, they cannot reproduce by themselves Multicellular Animal Parasites -Eukaryotes -Multicellular animals -Microscopic stages in life cycles What are parasitic flatworms and roundworms called? helminths What are the three domains in the classification of microorganisms? Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Which domain is the only domain that is further subdivided into kingdoms? The Eukarya: -Protists -Fungi -Plants -Animals What was the first life on earth? Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth When were the first microbes observed? 1673 What was Robert Hook's first observation of cells? He reported that living things were composed of little boxes, or cells Who discovered that cells arise from preexisting cells? In 1858, rudolf Virchow said this Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells. Who was the first person to discover live microorganisms? Anton van Leeuwenhoek Spontaneous generation The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving material; a "vital force" forms life. Biogenesis The hypothesis that they living organisms arise from preexisting life. The Theory of Biogenesis Pasteur's S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in. In 1861, what did Louis Pasteur demonstrate? That microorganisms were present in the air. What was the Golden Age of Microbiology Beginning with Pasteur's work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs. Fermentation The conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine Microbial growth is also responsible for the spoilage of food: True or False True What did Pasteur demonstrate about killing bacteria that spoiled food? It could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. (Pasteurization) Pasteurization The application of a high heat for a short time to sterilize and kill of the microorganisms. How was the first vaccination discovered? In 1796, Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then protected from small pox. Where does the word "Vaccination" come from? It is derived from "vacca," which means "cow" What is protection against disease called? Immunity Chemotherapy Treatment with chemicals Synthetic Drugs Another name for antibiotics, they are chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease Antibiotic Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes Who discovered the first antibiotic? Alexander Fleming observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S.aureus Bacteriology The study of bacteria Mycology Study of Fungi Virology The study of viruses Parasitology The study of protozoa and parasitic worms Immunology The study of immunity What did Rebecca Lancefield propose in 1933? That the use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes, also known as specific grains. Microbial Genetics The study of how microbes inherit traits Molecular biology The study of how DNA directs protein synthesis Genomics The study of an organism's genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms and link specific strains Recombinant DNA DNA made from two different sources (using cells to mass produce) What kind of things do bacteria recycle? Carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals What are prions? Infectious protein particles What is the process of bioremediation? Bacteria can be used to degrade organic matter in sewage, and degrade/detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury Biological Insecticides Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damage to crops and disease transmission What is an example of a biological insecticide? Bacillus thuringiensis. The infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals, including humans and to plants. Biotechnology The use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals is centuries old (example: insulin, cheese, gum, etc). Recombinant DNA technology A new technique for biotechnology, enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes Gene Therapy The process of replacing missing or defective genes in human cells What are genetically modified bacteria used for with crops? They are used to protect crops from insects and from freezing Normal Microbiota Microbes normally present in and on the human body (associated with skin, hair, body in and out) True or False: Normal microbiota prevent growth on pathogens True