NURS 753 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS |RATED A+
What is innate immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER -provides immediate protection and is
nonspecific, meaning it provides protection against all invaders.
What is adaptative immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER -Can take 7-10 days to provide protection,
but it is specific to the antigens.
What is antigen? - CORRECT ANSWER -a foreign agent that triggers the production of antibodies
by the immune system
What is antibody (immunoglobulin)? - CORRECT ANSWER -a protein used by the immune system
to identify and neutralized foreign agents, such as viruses and bacteria
What is autoantibody? - CORRECT ANSWER -an antibody made by the immune system that
attacks an individual's own proteins
What is lysozyme? - CORRECT ANSWER -an enzyme that dissolves bacterial cell walls.
What is pyrogens? - CORRECT ANSWER -Molecules that cause the systemic response of fever
What is Humoral immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER -interaction to produce antibodies against the
antigen (B-Cell function or humoral immunity)
What is cell-mediated immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER -is the main mechanism by which the
body fights the tubercle bacillus and starts a few weeks after infection.
,What is Human Leukocyte antigen system? - CORRECT ANSWER -known as major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans, HLA system as the genes are expressed on the
surface of the WBC.
What is alloimmunity? - CORRECT ANSWER -Four types of tissue transplants are possible—
allogeneic, syngeneic, autologous, and xenogenic.
§ Allogeneic transplants are those in which the tissue used is from the same species and is of
similar tissue type, but it is not identical.
What is autoimmunity? - CORRECT ANSWER -Failure of central and peripheral tolerance,
sequestration, and regulatory mechanisms
§ Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissue (thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B
cells) when lymphocytes are maturing. With central tolerance, B or T cells that are autoreactive
(bind to self) are destroyed or suppressed.
§ In the secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen) where B and T cells migrate,
peripheral tolerance and self-antigens are simply not recognized.
§ In normal immunity, self-antigens are often sequestered, and the immune system has
regulatory mechanisms that limit the degree of immune reactivity
§ Exogenous triggers or endogenous abnormalities
What is allogenic? - CORRECT ANSWER -Those in which tissue used is from the same species
and is of similar tissue type but it is not identical. Most transplants are allogenic.
What is autologous? - CORRECT ANSWER -hosts and donor are the same person for transplants.
DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE - CORRECT ANSWER -o The
same sequence of response occurs no matter the type of injury or prior exposure as there is no
memory involved.
o Part of the body's innate immunity and is non-discriminatory.
,o When cells and body tissues are injured, regardless of the cause, the inflammatory response is
triggered.
Describe the Acute phase of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER -Starts immediately after the
injury and continues until the threat is eliminated (hours to days)
Describe the chronic phase of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER -o Takes over until healing and
repair are complete (weeks or months).
o Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic effects
·WHICH CELL DRIVES THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE? - CORRECT ANSWER -Driven by
mast cells.
HOW IS FEVER DIFFERENTIATED FROM HYPERTHERMIA? - CORRECT ANSWER -Fever is
distinguished from other forms of hyperthermia (heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia) because
the body temperature increase is regulated, and thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and
cooling are functioning. Hyperthermia from heat stroke involves a dysfunctional unregulated
increase in temperature along with an inability of the body to cool itself. Hypothalamus is not
reset in hyperthermia, it's just a response from an external factor.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTERFERONS IN INNATE IMMUNITY? - CORRECT ANSWER -o
Interferons do not protect cells already infected by a virus but rather stop the spread of the
virus to new cells.
o The binding of interferons to uninfected cells triggers the synthesis of enzymes that inhibit
viral replication.
FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - CORRECT ANSWER -
Process that involves approximately 20 blood plasma proteins and enhances the action of
antibodies. Complement proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive state.
, FUNCTION OF CLOTTING SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - CORRECT ANSWER -is
activated during infection and injury. Ultimately participates in the inflammatory response by
attracting (chemotaxis) neutrophils to the site of injury and causing increased vascular
permeability.
FUNCTION OF KININ SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - CORRECT ANSWER -Activation
primarily leads to the development of bradykinin. Bradykinin causes pain, increased vascular
permeability through vasodilation, neutrophil recruitment, and smooth muscle contraction
(bronchoconstriction).
WHY DO GRANULOMAS FORM IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION? HOW IS THIS DIFFERENT FROM
GRANULATION TISSUE? - CORRECT ANSWER -o This phase usually occurs because the acute
response was not effective in eliminating or repairing the injury or infection.
o Granuloma formation is not to be confused with granulation tissue development which is a
step-in tissue repair. Granulation tissue is a mixture of new vasculature and fibroblasts, which
produces connective tissue fibers and collagen.
DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF T CELLS IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - CORRECT ANSWER -§ T
Cells (cellular) destroy the antigen.
T cells are responsible for hypersensitivity reactions and transplant rejection. Helper cells can
further be subdivided into T-helper (Th) 1 and Th 2. The Th 2 cells activate, or call up, B cells to
produce antibodies while the Th 1 cells are involved in the inflammatory process and the
activation of macrophages.
DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF B CELLS IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - CORRECT ANSWER -B
Cells (humoral) produce antibodies against the antigen
· B cells mature in the bone marrow where they differentiate into either memory cells or plasma
cells
· Subsequent exposures to the antigen triggers a quick response because memory cells recall
the antigen as foreign and antibody production occurs rapidly. This reaction is referred to as
acquired immunity. · Subsequent exposures to the antigen triggers a quick response because
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS |RATED A+
What is innate immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER -provides immediate protection and is
nonspecific, meaning it provides protection against all invaders.
What is adaptative immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER -Can take 7-10 days to provide protection,
but it is specific to the antigens.
What is antigen? - CORRECT ANSWER -a foreign agent that triggers the production of antibodies
by the immune system
What is antibody (immunoglobulin)? - CORRECT ANSWER -a protein used by the immune system
to identify and neutralized foreign agents, such as viruses and bacteria
What is autoantibody? - CORRECT ANSWER -an antibody made by the immune system that
attacks an individual's own proteins
What is lysozyme? - CORRECT ANSWER -an enzyme that dissolves bacterial cell walls.
What is pyrogens? - CORRECT ANSWER -Molecules that cause the systemic response of fever
What is Humoral immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER -interaction to produce antibodies against the
antigen (B-Cell function or humoral immunity)
What is cell-mediated immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER -is the main mechanism by which the
body fights the tubercle bacillus and starts a few weeks after infection.
,What is Human Leukocyte antigen system? - CORRECT ANSWER -known as major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans, HLA system as the genes are expressed on the
surface of the WBC.
What is alloimmunity? - CORRECT ANSWER -Four types of tissue transplants are possible—
allogeneic, syngeneic, autologous, and xenogenic.
§ Allogeneic transplants are those in which the tissue used is from the same species and is of
similar tissue type, but it is not identical.
What is autoimmunity? - CORRECT ANSWER -Failure of central and peripheral tolerance,
sequestration, and regulatory mechanisms
§ Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissue (thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B
cells) when lymphocytes are maturing. With central tolerance, B or T cells that are autoreactive
(bind to self) are destroyed or suppressed.
§ In the secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen) where B and T cells migrate,
peripheral tolerance and self-antigens are simply not recognized.
§ In normal immunity, self-antigens are often sequestered, and the immune system has
regulatory mechanisms that limit the degree of immune reactivity
§ Exogenous triggers or endogenous abnormalities
What is allogenic? - CORRECT ANSWER -Those in which tissue used is from the same species
and is of similar tissue type but it is not identical. Most transplants are allogenic.
What is autologous? - CORRECT ANSWER -hosts and donor are the same person for transplants.
DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE - CORRECT ANSWER -o The
same sequence of response occurs no matter the type of injury or prior exposure as there is no
memory involved.
o Part of the body's innate immunity and is non-discriminatory.
,o When cells and body tissues are injured, regardless of the cause, the inflammatory response is
triggered.
Describe the Acute phase of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER -Starts immediately after the
injury and continues until the threat is eliminated (hours to days)
Describe the chronic phase of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER -o Takes over until healing and
repair are complete (weeks or months).
o Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic effects
·WHICH CELL DRIVES THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE? - CORRECT ANSWER -Driven by
mast cells.
HOW IS FEVER DIFFERENTIATED FROM HYPERTHERMIA? - CORRECT ANSWER -Fever is
distinguished from other forms of hyperthermia (heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia) because
the body temperature increase is regulated, and thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and
cooling are functioning. Hyperthermia from heat stroke involves a dysfunctional unregulated
increase in temperature along with an inability of the body to cool itself. Hypothalamus is not
reset in hyperthermia, it's just a response from an external factor.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTERFERONS IN INNATE IMMUNITY? - CORRECT ANSWER -o
Interferons do not protect cells already infected by a virus but rather stop the spread of the
virus to new cells.
o The binding of interferons to uninfected cells triggers the synthesis of enzymes that inhibit
viral replication.
FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - CORRECT ANSWER -
Process that involves approximately 20 blood plasma proteins and enhances the action of
antibodies. Complement proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive state.
, FUNCTION OF CLOTTING SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - CORRECT ANSWER -is
activated during infection and injury. Ultimately participates in the inflammatory response by
attracting (chemotaxis) neutrophils to the site of injury and causing increased vascular
permeability.
FUNCTION OF KININ SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - CORRECT ANSWER -Activation
primarily leads to the development of bradykinin. Bradykinin causes pain, increased vascular
permeability through vasodilation, neutrophil recruitment, and smooth muscle contraction
(bronchoconstriction).
WHY DO GRANULOMAS FORM IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION? HOW IS THIS DIFFERENT FROM
GRANULATION TISSUE? - CORRECT ANSWER -o This phase usually occurs because the acute
response was not effective in eliminating or repairing the injury or infection.
o Granuloma formation is not to be confused with granulation tissue development which is a
step-in tissue repair. Granulation tissue is a mixture of new vasculature and fibroblasts, which
produces connective tissue fibers and collagen.
DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF T CELLS IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - CORRECT ANSWER -§ T
Cells (cellular) destroy the antigen.
T cells are responsible for hypersensitivity reactions and transplant rejection. Helper cells can
further be subdivided into T-helper (Th) 1 and Th 2. The Th 2 cells activate, or call up, B cells to
produce antibodies while the Th 1 cells are involved in the inflammatory process and the
activation of macrophages.
DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF B CELLS IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - CORRECT ANSWER -B
Cells (humoral) produce antibodies against the antigen
· B cells mature in the bone marrow where they differentiate into either memory cells or plasma
cells
· Subsequent exposures to the antigen triggers a quick response because memory cells recall
the antigen as foreign and antibody production occurs rapidly. This reaction is referred to as
acquired immunity. · Subsequent exposures to the antigen triggers a quick response because
