BIO 214 EXAM 1 (MODULES 1-3) | YOUR SHORTCUT
TO SUCCESS | TRUSTED, TESTED, AND TRUE!
Aristotle - Answer: created a ladder-like classification of nature (Scala Naturae - The
Great Chain of Being)
Evolution - Answer: change in allele frequencies in a population over generations
Thomas Aquinas - Answer: nature reflected the greatness of God (natural theology)
William Paley - Answer: proponent of natural theology and author of the famous
watchmaker metaphor. Darwin was required to read Paley at Christ's College and
agreed with Paley's belief in adaptation, but differed in how adaptation came about.
Linneaus - Answer: created the system of taxonomy still in use today; even though the
system does often reflect evolutionary relationships, the reason Linnaeus created it is to
categorize living things, not describe their evolutionary relationships.
Summary of the progression prior to Darwin - Answer: 1.From supernatural
explanations (Paley, Aquinas) to methodological naturalism (Lamarck, Chambers)
2. From catastrophism (Cuvier) to uniformitarianism (Lyell)
3. From logic and pure reason to observation, testing, and refutation
4. From an unchanging world (natural theology, special creation) to a world in flux
(Hutton)
5. From spontaneous generation to species come from other closely related species
John Stevens Henslow - Answer: botanist; very influential mentor who encouraged
Darwin to keep studying natural history; a reverend who was certainly a natural
theologist, but was still a big supporter of Darwin's work. It was Henslow that recruited
Darwin to take the position as captain's companion on the Beagle
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, Lamarck - Answer: supported the idea that species change over time (transmutation),
but proposed a mechanism that later was discarded; use/disuse and acquired
characteristics.
Lyell - Answer: a contemporary of Darwin and ultimately, a powerful confidant; a
geologist who built his idea of uniformitarianism on Hutton's idea of gradualism;; Lyell
proposed that those processes are still at work today; Darwin took these ideas from
geology and applied them to biology
Fitzroy - Answer: - captain of the Beagle; mission was to map the south eastern coast
of South America; hired Darwin as the Captain's Companion; contributed to Darwin's
work by providing documentation of birds collected on the Galapagos Islands
Wallace - Answer: procurer of specimens for Darwin and others, Father of
Biogeography, developed the mechanism of natural selection independent of Darwin in
1858; sent Darwin a manuscript for his comment without knowing Darwin had been
working on the same idea for many years, but by this time Darwin's ideas were fully
formulated and nothing Wallace wrote changed Darwin's thinking. Wallace's primary
influence was to prod Lyell and Hooker (another confidant) to work out a deal where
both Darwin's and Wallace's work would be presented at the same meeting of the
Linnean Society so Darwin and Wallace could share credit
Hutton - Answer: - proposed the geology we see now is the result of slow processes
acting over long periods of time. The earth is dynamic and constantly changing,
suggesting it is much older than the commonly held belief of 6,000 years.
Thomas Malthus - Answer: -his Essay on the Principles of Population discussed the
effects of humans competing for limiting food resources. Darwin applied this concept to
all of nature, not just humans.
Vestiges - Answer: - published anonymously in 1844 argued species are not immutable
which annoyed a whole lot of people; also highlighted the impact of the environment on
individuals which was a key idea in Darwin's theory
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
TO SUCCESS | TRUSTED, TESTED, AND TRUE!
Aristotle - Answer: created a ladder-like classification of nature (Scala Naturae - The
Great Chain of Being)
Evolution - Answer: change in allele frequencies in a population over generations
Thomas Aquinas - Answer: nature reflected the greatness of God (natural theology)
William Paley - Answer: proponent of natural theology and author of the famous
watchmaker metaphor. Darwin was required to read Paley at Christ's College and
agreed with Paley's belief in adaptation, but differed in how adaptation came about.
Linneaus - Answer: created the system of taxonomy still in use today; even though the
system does often reflect evolutionary relationships, the reason Linnaeus created it is to
categorize living things, not describe their evolutionary relationships.
Summary of the progression prior to Darwin - Answer: 1.From supernatural
explanations (Paley, Aquinas) to methodological naturalism (Lamarck, Chambers)
2. From catastrophism (Cuvier) to uniformitarianism (Lyell)
3. From logic and pure reason to observation, testing, and refutation
4. From an unchanging world (natural theology, special creation) to a world in flux
(Hutton)
5. From spontaneous generation to species come from other closely related species
John Stevens Henslow - Answer: botanist; very influential mentor who encouraged
Darwin to keep studying natural history; a reverend who was certainly a natural
theologist, but was still a big supporter of Darwin's work. It was Henslow that recruited
Darwin to take the position as captain's companion on the Beagle
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, Lamarck - Answer: supported the idea that species change over time (transmutation),
but proposed a mechanism that later was discarded; use/disuse and acquired
characteristics.
Lyell - Answer: a contemporary of Darwin and ultimately, a powerful confidant; a
geologist who built his idea of uniformitarianism on Hutton's idea of gradualism;; Lyell
proposed that those processes are still at work today; Darwin took these ideas from
geology and applied them to biology
Fitzroy - Answer: - captain of the Beagle; mission was to map the south eastern coast
of South America; hired Darwin as the Captain's Companion; contributed to Darwin's
work by providing documentation of birds collected on the Galapagos Islands
Wallace - Answer: procurer of specimens for Darwin and others, Father of
Biogeography, developed the mechanism of natural selection independent of Darwin in
1858; sent Darwin a manuscript for his comment without knowing Darwin had been
working on the same idea for many years, but by this time Darwin's ideas were fully
formulated and nothing Wallace wrote changed Darwin's thinking. Wallace's primary
influence was to prod Lyell and Hooker (another confidant) to work out a deal where
both Darwin's and Wallace's work would be presented at the same meeting of the
Linnean Society so Darwin and Wallace could share credit
Hutton - Answer: - proposed the geology we see now is the result of slow processes
acting over long periods of time. The earth is dynamic and constantly changing,
suggesting it is much older than the commonly held belief of 6,000 years.
Thomas Malthus - Answer: -his Essay on the Principles of Population discussed the
effects of humans competing for limiting food resources. Darwin applied this concept to
all of nature, not just humans.
Vestiges - Answer: - published anonymously in 1844 argued species are not immutable
which annoyed a whole lot of people; also highlighted the impact of the environment on
individuals which was a key idea in Darwin's theory
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
