LEARNER AND LEARNING SCIENCE D664 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026

Downloaded by Mike Splendid () LEARNER AND LEARNING SCIENCE D664 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 Brainstem before we are born controls basic functions (breathing and heart rate) Limbic System Shortly after birth, continues to develop through adolescence controls emotions and memory, helps us navigate social situations, regulate emotions and remember things. Cerebellum begins to develop early in life controls balance and coordination helps us performs tasks like typing, writing, and sports CerebrumDownloaded by Mike Splendid () Extensive growth in childhood and adolescence the largest part of brain controls higher cognitive function like thinking reasoning and problem solving. Prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe) begins to progress through grade school controls impulse control, decision making, and emotion regulation allows us to plan, organize, and prioritize Neuroscience Study of the nervous system and brain Curiosity examine new information and resources on developmental topics. Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) analyze evidence based research and data for guidance in selection of practices and interventions. Cognition Mental processes involved in aquiring, processing, storing, and using info. Neurodevelopment How the brain grows and changes Mylenation Makes brain pathways strongerDownloaded by Mike Splendid () Pruning Gets rid of brain pathways Brain Development Timeline prenatal (in womb) birth newborn (rapid growth) early childhood (pruning begins, mylenation continues) adolescence (development continues especially in frontal lobe) adulthood (development begins to slow) True or False Cognition encompasses processes such as memory, perception, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making. True True or False The prefrontal cortex is responsible for balance, coordination, and motor control. False It's primarily involved in higher cognitive functions such as decision-making, impulse control, and emotional regulation What is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) primarily used for? Mapping brain activity Encoding refers to the initial processing of information, where sensory input is transformed into a form that the brain can store and use Storage involves retaining this encoded information over time Retrieval is the process of getting stored information when needed. FeedbackDownloaded by Mike Splendid () plays a vital role in refining our learning strategies by providing information about our performance, guiding future actions. Metacognition involves awareness and understanding of one's thinking processes, enabling learners to monitor and regulate their learning effectively. What are the 4 learning strategies? retrieval practice spacing interleaving feedback-driven metacognition Retrieval Practice actively recalling information from memory, such as answering questions or completing quizzes, which strengthens long-term retention (E.X. answering questions without notes) Spacing spacing out study sessions over time rather than cramming all at once (E.X. study 1 hour per day for 6 days instead of 6 hours in 1 day) Interleaving mixing up different types of problems or topics during study sessions, which enhances learning by promoting deeper understanding and transfer of knowledge (E.X.Instead of practicing one type of math problem at a time, students might practice a mix of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems.) Feedback Driven Metacognition using feedback from assessments and evaluations to reflect on and regulate one's own learning strategies and understanding (E.X. Reflect ion feedback from rough draft to correct mistakes) Desirable Difficulty refers to introducing challenges or obstacles during learning that are neither too easy nor too difficult but just right for learning. Learning ScienceDownloaded by Mike Splendid () explores how the human brain acquires and processes information. Ways executive function can support student learning? planning working memory self-regulation organization flexibility Planning Example Helps student break down tasks into manageable steps Working Memory Example Allows student to hold information in mind while completing tasks, such as remembering instructions or key concepts during a test. Self-Regulation Example Helps student manage emotions, stay focused, and control impulses, leading to better behavior and academic performance. Organization Example Enables student to keep track of assignments, materials, and deadlines, leading to improved time management and productivity. Flexibility Example Allows student to adapt to changes in routine or unexpected challenges, leading to better problem-solving skills and resilience. Research-Based Practices arise from solid empirical research or methods shown to positively affect classroom learning Evidence- Based Practices practices informed by evidence from studies conducted in educational research and learning science Executive FunctionDownloaded by Mike Splendid () the set of mental skills that help individuals plan, focus their attention, and remember instructions successfully learning strategies that contribute to long-term retention feedback retrieval practice True or False Storage involves actively recalling information from memory. False Myth: Cramming Cramming puts too much strain on the cerebrum causing stress and fatigue. Myth: Multi tasking Hinders productivity and cognitive performance. results in decreased efficiency What does the neuroscience of multitasking say? When multitasking the cerebrum is in over drive trying to coordinate the allocation of attention to all tasks. The prefrontal cortex has limited capacity and doing to much at one time can seriously over work it. increase in cortisol, which is stress Neuroscience of cramming overwhelm brain and hinder deep learning cramming bypasses the brains natural learning process = shallow memorization. Hippocampus a part of the limbic system involved in memory, learning, and emotion Distributed PracticeDownloaded by Mike Splendid () explores how the brain retains information when learning is spread out over time rather than condensed True or False Multitasking can reduce the brainstem's ability to regulate basic physiological functions. True ◻ Neuroscience & Brain Function What effect can multitasking have on the cerebrum? Overwhelms its limited capacity Neuroscience of Variety Examines how differences in background, experience, and perspective impact brain function and cognition Neuroplasticity The brain’s ability to reorganize and adapt in response to learning, experience, or injury Why is neuroplasticity important? It allows us to form memories and recover from damage Primary characteristic of neuroplasticity: The brain can reshape and rewire itself in response to experience What is neuroplasticity (full definition)? Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's remarkable ability to reshape itself in response to experiences and challenges, from recovering from injuries to mastering new skills ◻ Neurodiversity & Cognitive Differences Neurodiversity Recognizes and respects neurological variations that can affect executive function and learningDownloaded by Mike Splendid () Examples of Neurodiversity: ADHD, Autism, Dyslexia Cognitive Styles An individual’s typical way of thinking, solving problems, and remembering What does "cognitive style" refer to? The way individuals approach and process information Debunking Learning Myths The Myth of Normal There is no one "normal" way of learning The Myth of Cognitive Rigidity Suggests abilities become fixed with age Debunking Cognitive Rigidity Neuroscience shows the brain remains flexible throughout life The Myth of the Brain as a Computer Suggests the brain functions linearly like a machine (False) Debunking the Brain as Computer Myth The embodied mind perspective shows cognition arises from body–brain– environment interactions Myth! Tabula Rasa Suggests the mind is a blank slate at birth Debunking Tabula Rasa Infants have instincts, reflexes, and cognitive abilities from birth Learning Theories & Approaches Behaviorism • Using a star chart to recognize performanceDownloaded by Mike Splendid () • Praising students when they get the correct answer Cognitivism • Using songs or rhymes to help students memorize Constructivism • Giving students the freedom to select a real-world problem Information Processing Theory • Focuses on stages like encoding, storage, and retrieval What characterizes retrieval in memory? Bringing stored info into conscious awareness Multisensory Learning Engaging multiple senses during the learning process Differentiated Instruction Tailoring teaching to meet individual needs and readiness levels Growth & Mindsets Growth Mindset Belief that abilities can improve with effort Fixed Mindset Belief that abilities are unchangeable Progressive Complexity Recognizing how biases influence thinking after learning to spot them Embodied Mind Perspective Embodied Mind Perspective Highlights how body, brain, and environment work together in cognition Which statements align with the embodied mind perspective?Downloaded by Mike Splendid () • Bodily experiences shape thought and behavior • Environmental interactions influence cognitive processes • Sensory-motor interactions are important for learning Strategies for teaching embodied minds? Use hands-on activities and sensory experiences to connect learning with real-world actions ◻ Social, Emotional & Holistic Learning Humanism in Education Focuses on the student’s well-being, confidence, and sense of belonging Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) Equips students with interpersonal and emotional skills for life True or False: SEL emphasizes academic achievement over interpersonal skills False Concept of "Whole Body Listening" Strategy to help students stay focused using more than just their eyes True or False: Whole body listening only uses the eyes False ◻ Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Which level includes feelings of acceptance and connection? Love and Belongingness Which part of learning involves processing information from sensory input? encoding Which task is associated with executive function? regulating emotionsDownloaded by Mike Splendid () Which teaching strategy is used to fight the common myth of multitasking? assigning dedicated time to each activity What is one appropriate strategy to fight the common myth of normality? embracing variety and individual differences Which teaching strategy is used to fight the common myth of cognitive rigidity? encouraging students to have a growth mindset Which teaching strategy is used to fight the common myth of the brain as a computer? embracing the embodied mind perspective Which result serves as proof that multitasking is not a beneficial learning habit? Impaired cognitive function What do you think are some key milestones or changes that typically occur during infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, and early childhood? Infancy: learning to grasp objects, babbling, and forming solid attachments with caregivers. Toddlerhood: children typically start walking, saying their first words, and exhibiting greater independence as they explore their environment. How do contemporary developmental psychologists view human development? As a dynamic interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and cultural factors Which of the following statements are associated with Erik Erikson's Psychological Development Theory? Suggests that individuals progress through stages marked by psychosocial crises How do you think infants and toddlers learn to communicate and interact with their environment during the early stages of development? Children primarily learn to communicate and interact through observation, imitation, and exploration during the infant-toddler stage Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stageDownloaded by Mike Splendid () infants learn about the world by using their senses and doing things. Infants learn to recognize and respond to familiar faces, develop preferences for certain caregivers, and start communicating by crying, smiling, and making sounds. Object Permeance (Piaget) which means understanding that things still exist even when they cannot see them Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development (Infant - Toddler) Trust or Mistrust (Infant) Autonomy or Shame/Doubt (toddler) Sensory Exploration giving them toys to touch, playing music, and letting them move around can help them learn. True or False Object permanence refers to the tendency to perceive objects as having stable, unchanging properties over time. False Trust vs. mistrustDownloaded by Mike Splendid () Infants learn to rely on caregivers for their basic needs, fostering trust—while inconsistency in meeting these needs can lead to mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety about their environment. autonomy or shame/doubt The shame and doubt stage involves a child's journey toward independence and decision-making sensimotor stage Infants (0-2 years old) explore through senses and actions, developing an understanding of object permanence and laying cognitive foundations object permanence the understanding that something still exists even though it cannot be seen or heard How do you think play contributes to the development and learning of preschoolaged children? learn and develop through play in various ways. Play allows them to explore their imagination, develop social skills through peer interactions, and enhance cognitive abilities by solving problems and experimenting with different ideas.Downloaded by Mike Splendid () Which term is best defined as "breaking down complex concepts into small, more manageable steps?" Scaffolding Fine Motor Skills involve tiny muscles working with the brain and nervous system to control movements in areas like the hands, fingers, lips, tongue, and eyes Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson) Children between ages three and six display increased assertiveness by taking the lead in play and engaging in social interactions more actively Preoperational stage children between the ages of two and seven years old think symbolically, using symbols to represent words, objects, images, individuals, and concepts, enabling the capacity to mimic behavior through imitationDownloaded by Mike Splendid () egocentric demonstrating a cognitive inclination where individuals find it challenging to acknowledge perspectives beyond their own How do you think hands-on learning supports the development and academic growth of children aged five to six in kindergarten? Children develop essential cognitive skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and creativity by engaging in hands-on experiences such as exploring science experiments or creating art projects. What does the concept of conservation refer to in Piaget's theory of cognitive development? The ability to understand that certain properties of objects remain the same despite changes in their appearance How do you think interdisciplinary learning benefits the development and academic progress of elementary-aged children, typically aged 7 to 11? Children develop a deeper understanding of real-world connections and problemsolving skills by integrating various subjects such as science, math, language arts, and social studies.Downloaded by Mike Splendid () Erik Erikson's Industry versus Inferiority stage start feeling more confident and proud of themselves as they learn new things and do tasks well. they may also face feelings of inferiority or self-doubt if they perceive themselves as falling short of expectations Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage their thinking becomes more logical, organized, and systematic. They can do operations with concrete objects and understand concepts of conservation, reversibility, and classification Reversability closely linked to conservation, involves the capacity to mentally reverse actions or procedures. ClassificationDownloaded by Mike Splendid () involves the ability to group objects or ideas into categories based on common traits, aiding children in organizing and comprehending their surroundings. Which of the following terms is best defined as "understanding that changes in one direction can be undone?" reversability What do you think are the main aspects of the adolescent stage (ages 12-17)? physical changes like puberty emotional changes like mood swings social changes like wanting to fit in with friends. Erik Erikson's stage of identity versus role confusion exploring and shaping personal identity, which includes values, beliefs, and goals Piaget's formal operational stageDownloaded by Mike Splendid () their thinking becomes more abstract, complex, and organized. What is a common developmental milestone for infants around 6 months of age? babbling and making repetitive sounds What social skill is commonly developed by children in first grade? Sharing and taking turns with peers At what age do children generally start to develop a stronger sense of empathy towards others? By the end of elementary school Which teaching strategies are most effective for adolescents? Encouraging critical thinking, creativity, and independent inquiry What do you already know about different theories that explain how people learn?Downloaded by Mike Splendid () People learn in different ways, like by watching others, practicing skills, or getting rewards for good behavior. Learning Theories conceptual frameworks that explain how individuals acquire knowledge, develop skills, and change behaviors over time What are some key concepts or principles you associate with the behaviorist theory of learning? focuses on how rewards or punishments shape actions Behaviorism sheds light on how external stimuli shape behavior, emphasizing the focus on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes Classical Conditioning illustrates how associations between stimuli can lead to learned responsesDownloaded by Mike Splendid () Operant Conditioning demonstrates how behaviors are strengthened or weakened Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring Direct Instruction a teacher-led traditional behaviorist teaching strategy What do you think are the main characteristics of cognitivism? understanding how individuals process information, emphasizing internal mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.Downloaded by Mike Splendid () Cognitivism seeks to understand the internal processes involved in learning, such as perception, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making Mental Schemas cognitive frameworks that help people organize and interpret information Blooms Revised Taxonomy a framework that categorizes educational objectives into six levels of cognitive complexity: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating Information Processing Theory a key component of cognitivism that focuses on understanding the mental processes involved in learning and cognition Elaboration the addition of detailsDownloaded by Mike Splendid () What do you already know about constructivism and social constructivism? Constructivism is the idea that people learn by building on their own experiences and understanding. Social Constructivism adds that learning happens better through interactions and discussions with others. Constructivism a prominent theory in education combining cognitive and social elements emphasizing active learning, student-centered instruction, and the construction of knowledge through personal experiences and interactions Self Directed Learning taking self-directed control of learning, setting goals, finding resources, and solving problems independently Discovery LearningDownloaded by Mike Splendid () learning by exploring and independently resolving challenges, using curiosity and problem-solving skills to discover new ideas and concepts The zone of proximal development (ZPD) the gap between what a learner can accomplish independently and what they can achieve with guidance and support More Knowledgable Other (MKO) he teacher or a peer; a person who possesses more knowledge or expertise than the learner and provides assistance and guidance within the ZPD Social Constructivism underscores the interplay between individual cognition and social factors in shaping learning; complements the emphasis on social interaction by highlighting the role of observational learning and modeling in knowledge acquisition How do you think educators can use knowledge of learning theories to ensure that all students have access to fair and effective learning opportunities? Understanding learning theories allows educators to tailor teaching methods to meet all student needs, ensuring equitable learning experiencesDownloaded by Mike Splendid () What is the focus of behaviorism in learning theories? observable behaviors and external stimuli Which term describes the framework used to understand mental processes like perception and memory? Cognitivism In Bloom's revised taxonomy, which level involves developing ideas or products? Creating What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) represent? The gap between independent and guided achievement Which theory emphasizes learning through peer interactions and the role of observational learning?Downloaded by Mike Splendid () Social Constructivism Which instructional activity in a high school class aligns with Vygotsky's view of development? Allowing students to discuss new ideas in groups of peers A teacher is working with a two-year-old who is in Erickson's "autonomy vs. shame and doubt" stage of development. Which strategy should the teacher implement for day-to-day interactions based on this stage of development? Encouraging the independent performance of tasks A teacher is working with an eight-year-old who is in Erickson's "industry vs. inferiority" stage of development. Which strategy should the teacher implement for day-to-day interactions based on this stage of development? Encouraging a mindset of perseverance and success A teacher is working with a 15-year-old who is in Erickson's "identity vs. role confusion" stage of development. Which strategy should the teacher implement for day-to-day interactions based on this stage of development? Using self-reflection to explore interests and valuesDownloaded by Mike Splendid () A teacher uses simple rhymes to help students remember important formulas. Which learning theory forms the basis of the strategy in this scenario? Cognitivism A teacher uses songs to help students memorize the names of states and state capitals. What is the learning theory underlying the teaching approach in this scenario? Cognitivism A teacher wants to use day-to-day instructional strategies that are in alignment with constructivism. What is an example of an implementation of this theory? Starting each lesson by making connections to previously learned concepts Which teaching strategy demonstrates the use of progressive complexity based on Bloom's Taxonomy to help students learn about personal bias in a psychology class? Students analyze how biases affect thinking after learning to identify biases in scenarios.Downloaded by Mike Splendid () A teacher wants to implement assignments based on the theory of constructivism. Which type of assignment should the teacher use? Inquiry-based problem-solving How do you think you should assemble your toolbox of instructional techniques? educators should consider various methods and strategies tailored to different learning styles and needs What is a benefit of expanding the range of instructional techniques used in the classroom? Allows teachers to better support their students What do you think the main types of teaching tools are? encoding, storage, and retrieval What do you think are some tools for encoding knowledge?Downloaded by Mike Splendid () breaking information into smaller parts, creating associations with things I already know, and visualizing concepts to help them stick in my mind Which of the following best describes the process of acquisition? PAying attention to incoming information Which of the following best describes the elaboration technique as a memory strategy? Asking questions to connect ideas acquisition learning new information by actively paying attention and engaging with the material consolidation organizing and reinforcing new information by connect it to what you already know and practicing it to better remember itDownloaded by Mike Splendid () What do you think are some tools to help learners store knowledge? include interactive activities, visual aids, and mnemonic devices. How does the process of moving information from short-term to long-term memory enhance your ability to recall information? often through strategies like rehearsal and elaboration, significantly enhances recall ability. Short term memory a mental space that temporarily holds a small amount of information for a short time, usually a few seconds to a minute Long term memory the storage of information for a long time, including knowledge, skills, and experiences What do you think are some tools that help learners retrieve knowledge? practice tests, retrieval quizzes, and flashcardsDownloaded by Mike Splendid () what are effective methods you can use to practice retrieval while studying for exams? testing yourself with flashcards or practice quizzes Summarizing key concepts without looking at your notes True or False Re-reading your notes is an example of retrieval practice. False What is the goal of retrieval practice? Actively recalling information from memory What does feedback-driven metacognition focus on? Thinking processes and learning strategiesDownloaded by Mike Splendid () Which cognitive process is essential for managing and coordinating learning activities? Executive function What is the benefit of using mnemonic devices in learning? Associating information with familiar objects or concepts What is a key aspect of the consolidation phase in encoding? processing and organizing new information A high school French teacher devotes 10 minutes of each class period to previously learned vocabulary. He provides a list of words learned in the preceding month and asks students to hold conversations in French specifically focused on those vocabulary terms. Which instructional technique aligns with the principle of distributed practice as designed by the French teacher, increasing long-term retention and deeper learning? Spaced Repetition A history teacher gives a short quiz on Roman myths, then has students trade papers. Which instructional technique aligns with the principle of metacognitiveDownloaded by Mike Splendid () feedback, improving students' ability to monitor, regulate, and adapt their learning strategies to achieve better learning outcomes? The recipient is directed to check the answers and add a sentence connecting each correct answer to the original question before returning the quiz to the original owner. Students in Ms. Lee's 2nd grade class are creative in their writing but often misspell common words. Which instructional strategy could Mrs. Lee use to improve student spelling? introduce a weekly spelling bee that uses a list of commonly misspelled words by the students A teacher is preparing a lesson on the French Revolution and wants to engage students' executive functions, such as planning, decision-making, and prioritizing. Which instructional technique supports these executive functions? Assigning students to plan a mock trial based on historical figures from the French Revolution A fifth-grade teacher wants to improve their student's ability to organize information and retrieve it later. Which instructional strategy would develop these cognitive skills? Using color-coded folders for each subject and daily lesson reviewsDownloaded by Mike Splendid () The geometry teacher has students evaluate their own understanding and performance to identify areas for improvement in 1:1 conferences. Which strategy does the geometry teacher's action support? feedback-driven metacognition The teacher in a history class has students create timelines to represent major events and periods in history. Which of the following instructional techniques does this represent? visualization