🔹 Chapter 4: Computer Organization (CPU, Memory, I/O)
4.1 CPU Components
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – Performs arithmetic & logical
operations
CU (Control Unit) – Manages execution of instructions
Registers – Small, high-speed memory inside CPU
o MAR, MDR, ACC, PC, IR
4.2 Memory Types
Primary Memory
RAM – Volatile
ROM – Non-volatile
o PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
Secondary Memory
HDD, SSD, DVD, Pen Drive
4.3 Cache Memory
Small, fast memory between CPU and RAM
Levels: L1, L2, L3
4.4 Input/Output Devices
Input → Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner
Output → Monitor, Printer
I/O Modules → Coordinate data transfer
, 🔹 Chapter 6: Data Representation
6.1 Character Encoding
ASCII
Unicode
UTF-8
6.2 Data Units
Bit → smallest
Byte = 8 bits
KB, MB, GB, TB, PB
6.3 Representation of Signed Numbers
Sign magnitude
1’s complement
2’s complement
4.1 CPU Components
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – Performs arithmetic & logical
operations
CU (Control Unit) – Manages execution of instructions
Registers – Small, high-speed memory inside CPU
o MAR, MDR, ACC, PC, IR
4.2 Memory Types
Primary Memory
RAM – Volatile
ROM – Non-volatile
o PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
Secondary Memory
HDD, SSD, DVD, Pen Drive
4.3 Cache Memory
Small, fast memory between CPU and RAM
Levels: L1, L2, L3
4.4 Input/Output Devices
Input → Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner
Output → Monitor, Printer
I/O Modules → Coordinate data transfer
, 🔹 Chapter 6: Data Representation
6.1 Character Encoding
ASCII
Unicode
UTF-8
6.2 Data Units
Bit → smallest
Byte = 8 bits
KB, MB, GB, TB, PB
6.3 Representation of Signed Numbers
Sign magnitude
1’s complement
2’s complement
