Page 1 of 96
Midterm Exam - BIOS242 / BIOS 242 (Latest 2025) :
Fundamentals of Microbiology with Lab - Chamberlain
birth of biotechnology or industrial microbiology
.....ANSWER.....mid 19th century, pasteurs investigations into the
cause of fermentation led to discovery that yeast can grow with
or without oxygen, and that bacteria ferment grape juice to
produce acids, whereas yeast cells ferment grape juice to
produce alcohol.
biotechnology .....ANSWER.....microbes are intentionally
manipulated to manufacture products.
pasteurization .....ANSWER.....the use of heat to kill pathogens
and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and
beverages.
,Page 2 of 96
1897 eduard buchner .....ANSWER.....demonstrated process of
enzymes and began the field of biochemistry and study of
metabolism
enzymes .....ANSWER.....cell produced proteins that promote
chemical reactions such as fermentation.
metabolism .....ANSWER.....sum of all chemical reactions in a
organism.
germ theory of disease .....ANSWER.....pastuers discovery that
bacteria are responsible for spoiling wine led to hypothesis that
microorganisms are responsible for causing diseases. today we
know diseases are caused by other things like genetics toxins and
allergies, so germ theory really only applies to infectious
disease.
pathogens .....ANSWER.....microorganisms that cause specific
diseases
,Page 3 of 96
etiology .....ANSWER.....study of causation of disease. dominated
by Robert Koch
Robert Koch .....ANSWER.....search for disease agents such as
bacteria responsible for anthrax, developed techniques to isolate
bacteria, stain cells, estimate population size, sterilize growth
media, transfer bacteria between media, achieved first
photomicrograph of bacteria. His greatest achievement was
Kochs Postulates.
Koch's postulates .....ANSWER.....in his publications on TB, he
elaborated on a set of steps that must be taken to prove the
cause of any infectious disease:
1-The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of
the disease and be absent form healthy hosts.
2-The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
3-When the agent is introduced to a healthy susceptible host,the
host must get the disease.
, Page 4 of 96
4-The same agent must be found int he diseased experimental
host.
Christian Gram .....ANSWER.....in 1884 Gram developed staining
technique using a series of dyes that leave some microbes purple
and some pink. Still is most widely used staining technique today.
Distinguishes gram positive from gram negative bacteria and
reflects differences in composition of bacterial cell wall.
Semmelweis .....ANSWER.....hypothesized that cadaver particles
on med students hands are what caused puerpural fever and
deaths of women giving birth. Had them wash their hands in
chlorinated lime water before attending births and the number of
deaths from puerpural fever dropped the next year.
infection control and epidemiology .....ANSWER.....2 branches of
microbiology, epidemiology=study of the occurrence,
distribution, and spread of disease in humans.
Midterm Exam - BIOS242 / BIOS 242 (Latest 2025) :
Fundamentals of Microbiology with Lab - Chamberlain
birth of biotechnology or industrial microbiology
.....ANSWER.....mid 19th century, pasteurs investigations into the
cause of fermentation led to discovery that yeast can grow with
or without oxygen, and that bacteria ferment grape juice to
produce acids, whereas yeast cells ferment grape juice to
produce alcohol.
biotechnology .....ANSWER.....microbes are intentionally
manipulated to manufacture products.
pasteurization .....ANSWER.....the use of heat to kill pathogens
and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and
beverages.
,Page 2 of 96
1897 eduard buchner .....ANSWER.....demonstrated process of
enzymes and began the field of biochemistry and study of
metabolism
enzymes .....ANSWER.....cell produced proteins that promote
chemical reactions such as fermentation.
metabolism .....ANSWER.....sum of all chemical reactions in a
organism.
germ theory of disease .....ANSWER.....pastuers discovery that
bacteria are responsible for spoiling wine led to hypothesis that
microorganisms are responsible for causing diseases. today we
know diseases are caused by other things like genetics toxins and
allergies, so germ theory really only applies to infectious
disease.
pathogens .....ANSWER.....microorganisms that cause specific
diseases
,Page 3 of 96
etiology .....ANSWER.....study of causation of disease. dominated
by Robert Koch
Robert Koch .....ANSWER.....search for disease agents such as
bacteria responsible for anthrax, developed techniques to isolate
bacteria, stain cells, estimate population size, sterilize growth
media, transfer bacteria between media, achieved first
photomicrograph of bacteria. His greatest achievement was
Kochs Postulates.
Koch's postulates .....ANSWER.....in his publications on TB, he
elaborated on a set of steps that must be taken to prove the
cause of any infectious disease:
1-The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of
the disease and be absent form healthy hosts.
2-The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
3-When the agent is introduced to a healthy susceptible host,the
host must get the disease.
, Page 4 of 96
4-The same agent must be found int he diseased experimental
host.
Christian Gram .....ANSWER.....in 1884 Gram developed staining
technique using a series of dyes that leave some microbes purple
and some pink. Still is most widely used staining technique today.
Distinguishes gram positive from gram negative bacteria and
reflects differences in composition of bacterial cell wall.
Semmelweis .....ANSWER.....hypothesized that cadaver particles
on med students hands are what caused puerpural fever and
deaths of women giving birth. Had them wash their hands in
chlorinated lime water before attending births and the number of
deaths from puerpural fever dropped the next year.
infection control and epidemiology .....ANSWER.....2 branches of
microbiology, epidemiology=study of the occurrence,
distribution, and spread of disease in humans.
