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AQA A level Chemistry - Organic Mechanisms

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This document provides a detailed summary of all the Organic mechanisms you will need for A Level Chemistry. It is designed to support the AQA exam board, but can be used across OCR, WJEC, EDEXCEL. Topics: Chlorination of alkanes, OZONE layer - free radical substitution Halogenoalkanes - nucleophilic substitution and elimination Alkenes - addition, hydration and hydrogenation Alcohols - oxidation and dehydration Aldehydes and Ketones - nucleophilic addition Hydrolysis of esters Carboxylic acids and derivatives Acid anhydrides Acyl Chlorides - nucleophilic addition elimination Aromatic chemistry - benzene - electrophilic substitution

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AQA
Course
Organic Chemistry (7405)









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Study Level
A/AS Level
Examinator
AQA
Subject
A Level Chemistry
Unit
Organic Chemistry (7405)
All documents for this subject (8)

Document information

Uploaded on
November 19, 2025
Number of pages
10
Written in
2025/2026
Type
Class notes
Professor(s)
Hayley
Contains
All classes

Subjects

  • chemistry
  • a level
  • a levels
  • alevel
  • aqa
  • 2025
  • 2026
  • organic
  • mechanisms
  • paper 2
  • paper 3
  • exam

Content preview

Chlorination of Alkanes

HCI
overall reaction methane 12 GtheG
Initiation freeradicalsareproduced
essentialcondition UVlight
2C fromthecovalentbond
Clementi freera af.la
iI qggtgsnhsselesesann
donothaveacharge

Propagation freeradicalsareusedupandcreatedina chainreaction
allpropagationstepshaveafreeradicalinthereactantsandtheproducts
chutci snatchsi.in ei iie i iin
CH Ch Chsci ci.imife Ero tneEi rio to
Termination freeradicalsaremoppedup
when2freeradical cureandnofurtherfreeradicalsaregenerated
generchymaryqstygge

CHz Hz CHzCHz

Ozone 03 layer
acts aschemical
0 sunsorenan.me
E
UV c
02 0
then CFC'screate F.EE i imecioanoosemoe

02 0 03 85 er Cl 0 02 CIO
10 03 202 1
overall 203_ cristnecatalyst

, Halogeno alkanes Nucleophilicsubstitutions

H H H H
H C C H C C Nu X
H HINadeophile H H


With aqueoushydroxide forming alcohols
conditions warmth hydrolysissplittingamoleculeapartbyusingwatermolecules
reagents aqueoussodiumHydroxide

H H H H
H C 1s H C C OH 1
H HIGH H H


With ethanolic potassiumcyanide formingnitriles
conditions reflux
reagents potassiumcyanidedissolvedinethanol

H H H H
8
H C C H C C CEN I

Hy HT IN
H H

RCH CI EN RCH CN

With excess ethanolicammonia forming amines
conditions reflux
reagents excess ethanolicammonia

H H H H H
H C cloths
C c c

If ftp.fji
H H H H

H H
RCH2CI 2MHz RCH2NHz NHuC1
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