Foundations of Nursing: Final Exam – Course
Summary
Intro to Nursing: Part 1:
- Florence Nightingale, Notes on Nursing, Crimean War,
- Civil War: Clara Barton, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and Dorothea Dix
- WW I: "Spirit of Nursing" at Arlington Cemetery
- WW II: Cadet Nurse Corps
- Vietnam War: Vietnam Women's Memorial (nurses in battle)
- Stereotypes of Nurses: angel of mercy, handmaiden, battle-axe, TV nurse,
military battlefield caregiver
- Nursing Education: BSN, LPN, Diploma programs, Associate's Degrees,
Master's Degrees, DNPs, and PhDs
- Improving Nursing Recognition: standardized education, uniform continuing
education requirements, participation in professional organizations, educate the
public on the true nature of nursing
- Definition of Nursing: "the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist
him in his recovery" (Nightingale,
1860/1969) and "The diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual and
potential health problems" (ANA 1980)
- ANA 6 Essential Features: provide a caring relationship, holistic approach,
integrate objective with subjective, use scientific knowledge for judgment and
critical thinking, advance professional nursing knowledge, and promote social
justice through policy influencing
- Why Define Nursing: It helps to differentiate activities of nursing from those of
medicine
- State Board of Nursing: Nurse Practice Act laws regulate nursing practice and
each state is responsible for its own
Nurse Practice Act and the Board decides and enforces them
- Practicing Requirements: licensure from NCLEX-RN and graduation from an
approved nursing program
,Intro to Nursing: Part 2:
- National League for Nursing: Universal standard of education for nursing
- Purpose of Nursing: Health promotion, illness prevention, health restoration, and
end-of-life care
- Institute of Medicine: Quality and safety education for nursing
- Preventable Deaths: 440,000 people die each year in the US due to something
preventable that happens to them in the hospital
- Sentinel Event: Unexpected event leading to death or serious injury in a patient
and Medicaid and Medicare do not reimburse for these events
- QSEN Competencies: based on IOM core competencies; patient-centered care,
teamwork and collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement,
safety, and informatics
- Outside Forces that Impact Nursing: economy, increase in elderly, consumers,
legislation, Women's movement, collective bargaining
- Inside Forces that Impact Nursing: increased use of CAM, divergence of high-
tech, creating a diverse workface, increasing staff rations, 12 hours shifts
- Where Do Nurses Work: 60% worked in medical/surgical hospitals and 40%
work outside of hospitals
- Phases of Nursing: novice, advanced beginner, competence, proficient, and
expert
Urinary:
- The Urinary Tract: primary function is to eliminate waste and excess fluid from
the body in the form of urine; regulates the levels of electrolytes, produce
hormones that are important for blood pressure regulation, develops red blood
cells, and helps keep bones strong
- Kidneys/Bladder: filter 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1-2 quarts of
urine; a bladder can hold up to 2 cups of urine
- Muscles Preventing Unwanted Urination: urethra, bladder neck with internal
sphincter, and the pelvic floor
- Antidiuretic: minimize fluid loss by preventing urine production in the kidneys
- Diuretics: increase urination by increasing urine production in the kidney
,- Stress Incontinence: physical activity increased pressure on bladder
- Urge Incontinence: strong urge to urinate but leaking occurs before getting to the
toilet
- Reflex Incontinence: leakage due to nerve damage
- Overflow Incontinence: incomplete emptying results in bladder overfilling when
full
- Functional Incontinence: physical inability to reach the toilet in time
- Urinary Retention: symptoms include inability to urinate, pain, abdominal
distension, urinary frequency, urinary hesitancy, weak/slow urine stream, and
urinary leakage
- UTIs: more common in women than men because of urethra length; untreated
can become pyelonephritis; risk factors include sexual activity, menopause,
urinary retention, urinary obstruction, frequency catheter use, diabetes, or urinary
tract abnormalities; symptoms include burning/painful urination and frequent
urgency to urinate despite not having a lot of urine to pass
- Kidney Stones: also called renal calculi/nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis; hard
formations of minerals and salts that collect in the kidneys
Hygiene:
- What is Hygiene: actions and practices that decrease the spread or transmission
of pathogens, thereby lessening the occurrence of illness
- Skin: the first line and a physical barrier of defense against pathogens and
includes Langerhans cells that sense and kill pathogens
- Mucous Membranes: line body passages that are open to the exterior
environment and act as a barrier to pathogens
- Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs): can be prevented by effective
handwashing
- Health Promotion: facilitating the client's control over and improving their general
health
- Dementia: clients with dementia may have difficulty performing personal hygiene
activities, which can be an early sign of dementia
Foot Care: clients who are higher risk for infection should have their feet more
closely monitored as infections can cause serious foot problems
, - Nail Care: longer nail length has been shown to conceal a greater number of
germs as compared to shorter nail length
- Perineal Care: performed to avoid infections, odors, and irritation in the perineum
- Bed Bath: complete involves the nurse or another designated health care
provider giving the client a bath in the bed and partial involves the client
completing part of the bath themselves
- Hand Hygiene: any type of cleansing of the hands (soap/water, alcohol,
antiseptic handwash, surgical hand antisepsis)
- Medical Asepsis: the elimination of and absence of disease-causing
microorganisms, also called clean technique - Standard Precautions: describes
the infection prevention practices applied to all clients, whether or not they are
known to have infectious agent
- PPE: personal protective equipment, donned and doffed as needed to care for
clients
Infection:
- Chain of Infection: an infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of
transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host
- Infectious Agent: something that contains bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite, or prion
- Reservoir: the habitat of the infectious agent and is where it lives, grows, and
reproduces itself or replicates
- Portal of Entry: any body orifice or can even be through the skin, and it provides
a place for the infectious agent to replicate or for the toxin to act
- Portal of Exit: the means by which the infectious agent can leave the reservoir
- Susceptible Host: required for the infectious agent to take hold and become a
reservoir for infection
- Modes of Transmission: contact (person to person), droplet (respiratory tract to
mucosa of host), and airborne (particulates to airspace of host)
- Two Types of Contact Transmission: direct (person to person) and indirect
(person to contaminated object to person) - Nonspecific Immunity: phagocytes,
neutrophils and macrophages, eat and destroy microorganisms and are released
during the inflammatory response
Summary
Intro to Nursing: Part 1:
- Florence Nightingale, Notes on Nursing, Crimean War,
- Civil War: Clara Barton, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and Dorothea Dix
- WW I: "Spirit of Nursing" at Arlington Cemetery
- WW II: Cadet Nurse Corps
- Vietnam War: Vietnam Women's Memorial (nurses in battle)
- Stereotypes of Nurses: angel of mercy, handmaiden, battle-axe, TV nurse,
military battlefield caregiver
- Nursing Education: BSN, LPN, Diploma programs, Associate's Degrees,
Master's Degrees, DNPs, and PhDs
- Improving Nursing Recognition: standardized education, uniform continuing
education requirements, participation in professional organizations, educate the
public on the true nature of nursing
- Definition of Nursing: "the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist
him in his recovery" (Nightingale,
1860/1969) and "The diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual and
potential health problems" (ANA 1980)
- ANA 6 Essential Features: provide a caring relationship, holistic approach,
integrate objective with subjective, use scientific knowledge for judgment and
critical thinking, advance professional nursing knowledge, and promote social
justice through policy influencing
- Why Define Nursing: It helps to differentiate activities of nursing from those of
medicine
- State Board of Nursing: Nurse Practice Act laws regulate nursing practice and
each state is responsible for its own
Nurse Practice Act and the Board decides and enforces them
- Practicing Requirements: licensure from NCLEX-RN and graduation from an
approved nursing program
,Intro to Nursing: Part 2:
- National League for Nursing: Universal standard of education for nursing
- Purpose of Nursing: Health promotion, illness prevention, health restoration, and
end-of-life care
- Institute of Medicine: Quality and safety education for nursing
- Preventable Deaths: 440,000 people die each year in the US due to something
preventable that happens to them in the hospital
- Sentinel Event: Unexpected event leading to death or serious injury in a patient
and Medicaid and Medicare do not reimburse for these events
- QSEN Competencies: based on IOM core competencies; patient-centered care,
teamwork and collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement,
safety, and informatics
- Outside Forces that Impact Nursing: economy, increase in elderly, consumers,
legislation, Women's movement, collective bargaining
- Inside Forces that Impact Nursing: increased use of CAM, divergence of high-
tech, creating a diverse workface, increasing staff rations, 12 hours shifts
- Where Do Nurses Work: 60% worked in medical/surgical hospitals and 40%
work outside of hospitals
- Phases of Nursing: novice, advanced beginner, competence, proficient, and
expert
Urinary:
- The Urinary Tract: primary function is to eliminate waste and excess fluid from
the body in the form of urine; regulates the levels of electrolytes, produce
hormones that are important for blood pressure regulation, develops red blood
cells, and helps keep bones strong
- Kidneys/Bladder: filter 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1-2 quarts of
urine; a bladder can hold up to 2 cups of urine
- Muscles Preventing Unwanted Urination: urethra, bladder neck with internal
sphincter, and the pelvic floor
- Antidiuretic: minimize fluid loss by preventing urine production in the kidneys
- Diuretics: increase urination by increasing urine production in the kidney
,- Stress Incontinence: physical activity increased pressure on bladder
- Urge Incontinence: strong urge to urinate but leaking occurs before getting to the
toilet
- Reflex Incontinence: leakage due to nerve damage
- Overflow Incontinence: incomplete emptying results in bladder overfilling when
full
- Functional Incontinence: physical inability to reach the toilet in time
- Urinary Retention: symptoms include inability to urinate, pain, abdominal
distension, urinary frequency, urinary hesitancy, weak/slow urine stream, and
urinary leakage
- UTIs: more common in women than men because of urethra length; untreated
can become pyelonephritis; risk factors include sexual activity, menopause,
urinary retention, urinary obstruction, frequency catheter use, diabetes, or urinary
tract abnormalities; symptoms include burning/painful urination and frequent
urgency to urinate despite not having a lot of urine to pass
- Kidney Stones: also called renal calculi/nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis; hard
formations of minerals and salts that collect in the kidneys
Hygiene:
- What is Hygiene: actions and practices that decrease the spread or transmission
of pathogens, thereby lessening the occurrence of illness
- Skin: the first line and a physical barrier of defense against pathogens and
includes Langerhans cells that sense and kill pathogens
- Mucous Membranes: line body passages that are open to the exterior
environment and act as a barrier to pathogens
- Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs): can be prevented by effective
handwashing
- Health Promotion: facilitating the client's control over and improving their general
health
- Dementia: clients with dementia may have difficulty performing personal hygiene
activities, which can be an early sign of dementia
Foot Care: clients who are higher risk for infection should have their feet more
closely monitored as infections can cause serious foot problems
, - Nail Care: longer nail length has been shown to conceal a greater number of
germs as compared to shorter nail length
- Perineal Care: performed to avoid infections, odors, and irritation in the perineum
- Bed Bath: complete involves the nurse or another designated health care
provider giving the client a bath in the bed and partial involves the client
completing part of the bath themselves
- Hand Hygiene: any type of cleansing of the hands (soap/water, alcohol,
antiseptic handwash, surgical hand antisepsis)
- Medical Asepsis: the elimination of and absence of disease-causing
microorganisms, also called clean technique - Standard Precautions: describes
the infection prevention practices applied to all clients, whether or not they are
known to have infectious agent
- PPE: personal protective equipment, donned and doffed as needed to care for
clients
Infection:
- Chain of Infection: an infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of
transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host
- Infectious Agent: something that contains bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite, or prion
- Reservoir: the habitat of the infectious agent and is where it lives, grows, and
reproduces itself or replicates
- Portal of Entry: any body orifice or can even be through the skin, and it provides
a place for the infectious agent to replicate or for the toxin to act
- Portal of Exit: the means by which the infectious agent can leave the reservoir
- Susceptible Host: required for the infectious agent to take hold and become a
reservoir for infection
- Modes of Transmission: contact (person to person), droplet (respiratory tract to
mucosa of host), and airborne (particulates to airspace of host)
- Two Types of Contact Transmission: direct (person to person) and indirect
(person to contaminated object to person) - Nonspecific Immunity: phagocytes,
neutrophils and macrophages, eat and destroy microorganisms and are released
during the inflammatory response
