PHYL 1001 - TEST 1 REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED
What is the ECF and where is it found in the body? - ANSWER Extracellular fluid, found
outside of cells
What is the ICF and where is it found in the body? - ANSWER Intracellular fluid, found inside
cells
What are the two components of the ECF? - ANSWER interstitial fluid and blood plasma
What cells are not totally surrounded by ECF? - ANSWER Skin cells
What organs/ organ systems have their own internal environment? - ANSWER digestive
system, respiratory system, urinary system and reproductive system.
What is the goal of homeostasis? - ANSWER maintain a stable internal environment (ECF
stability)
What is a negative feedback loop? Provide an example of a bodily function that works as a
negative feedback loop. - ANSWER A negative feedback loop aims to restore homeostasis
from a stimulus. Action stops when homeostasis is regained. Ex. Body temperature regulation.
,What are the 7 stages in a negative feedback loop? - ANSWER 1. Stimulus (change for normal
condition)
2. Sensor (body notices change)
3. Input signal (organ system/brain is notified about changes)
4. Integrating centre (brain/organ system prepares to cause a change to regain homeostasis)
5. Output signal (signal to change has been sent to organ system/area responsible for
homeostasis)
6. Target (homeostatic function is activated)
7. Response (homeostasis is achieved by bodies response)
What is feedforward control? Provide and example. - ANSWER A mechanism to anticipate
change and respond in a way that minimizes the effects of the change. Ex. insulin release
before a large meal to decrease the large spike in blood sugar.
What is a positive feedback loop? Provide an example. - ANSWER A positive feedback loop
aims to increase the change in a body system (does not achieve homeostasis) which requires
an outside factor to turn the cycle off. Ex. Hormone release during birth.
What are the three steps in a positive feedback loop? How is the loop turned off? - ANSWER
1. Initial stimulus
2. Response
3. Increase in stimulus release
This loop can be turned off by outside factors (ex. oxytocin release stops once baby is
, delivered because cervical stretching is no longer required)
Local Control - ANSWER Local response that is isolates to one tissue. Ex. biceps lacking
oxygen, the blood vessels will only supply excess oxygen to the bicep instead of every muscle
in the body.
Reflex / long distance control - ANSWER A systemic response throughout the body via the
nervous or endocrine system. Ex. Increased blood pressure required brain to signal heart to
decrease cardiac output.
What is the main difference between local and long distance signalling? - ANSWER Long
distance signalling requires the stimulus to activate an integration centre (ex. the brain)
before a response occurs. Local signalling does not require an integration centre so the
response comes directly from the stimulus.
What is the purpose of the plasma membrane? - ANSWER Provide physical isolation of inner
cellular components, exchange regulation, communication and structural support.
What is the main role of the mitochondria? - ANSWER ATP synthesis
What happens in the Golgi and vesicles? - ANSWER Post translational protein modifications
and protein packing
What happens in the smooth ER? What happens in the rough ER? - ANSWER Smooth: lipid
ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED
What is the ECF and where is it found in the body? - ANSWER Extracellular fluid, found
outside of cells
What is the ICF and where is it found in the body? - ANSWER Intracellular fluid, found inside
cells
What are the two components of the ECF? - ANSWER interstitial fluid and blood plasma
What cells are not totally surrounded by ECF? - ANSWER Skin cells
What organs/ organ systems have their own internal environment? - ANSWER digestive
system, respiratory system, urinary system and reproductive system.
What is the goal of homeostasis? - ANSWER maintain a stable internal environment (ECF
stability)
What is a negative feedback loop? Provide an example of a bodily function that works as a
negative feedback loop. - ANSWER A negative feedback loop aims to restore homeostasis
from a stimulus. Action stops when homeostasis is regained. Ex. Body temperature regulation.
,What are the 7 stages in a negative feedback loop? - ANSWER 1. Stimulus (change for normal
condition)
2. Sensor (body notices change)
3. Input signal (organ system/brain is notified about changes)
4. Integrating centre (brain/organ system prepares to cause a change to regain homeostasis)
5. Output signal (signal to change has been sent to organ system/area responsible for
homeostasis)
6. Target (homeostatic function is activated)
7. Response (homeostasis is achieved by bodies response)
What is feedforward control? Provide and example. - ANSWER A mechanism to anticipate
change and respond in a way that minimizes the effects of the change. Ex. insulin release
before a large meal to decrease the large spike in blood sugar.
What is a positive feedback loop? Provide an example. - ANSWER A positive feedback loop
aims to increase the change in a body system (does not achieve homeostasis) which requires
an outside factor to turn the cycle off. Ex. Hormone release during birth.
What are the three steps in a positive feedback loop? How is the loop turned off? - ANSWER
1. Initial stimulus
2. Response
3. Increase in stimulus release
This loop can be turned off by outside factors (ex. oxytocin release stops once baby is
, delivered because cervical stretching is no longer required)
Local Control - ANSWER Local response that is isolates to one tissue. Ex. biceps lacking
oxygen, the blood vessels will only supply excess oxygen to the bicep instead of every muscle
in the body.
Reflex / long distance control - ANSWER A systemic response throughout the body via the
nervous or endocrine system. Ex. Increased blood pressure required brain to signal heart to
decrease cardiac output.
What is the main difference between local and long distance signalling? - ANSWER Long
distance signalling requires the stimulus to activate an integration centre (ex. the brain)
before a response occurs. Local signalling does not require an integration centre so the
response comes directly from the stimulus.
What is the purpose of the plasma membrane? - ANSWER Provide physical isolation of inner
cellular components, exchange regulation, communication and structural support.
What is the main role of the mitochondria? - ANSWER ATP synthesis
What happens in the Golgi and vesicles? - ANSWER Post translational protein modifications
and protein packing
What happens in the smooth ER? What happens in the rough ER? - ANSWER Smooth: lipid
