BIOCHEMISTRY - All 20 Amino Acids Final
Exam Study guide |Test bank Verified Practice
Questions with A+ Answers | Final Exam Guide
FOR 2025/2026
A carbon has its electrons stably distributed into sp3 orbitals. How many different atoms does it
likely bond to? - 4
A carbon has its electrons stably distributed into sp2 orbitals and one pi orbital. How many
different atoms does it likely bond to? - 3
A carbon has its electrons stably distributed into an sp orbital and two pi orbitals. How many
different atoms does it likely bond to? - 2
Most electronegative atoms (in order from least to greatest)? - NOF
What is a molecular conformation? - The (potentially flexible) spatial arrangement of atoms
around fixed bonds in a molecule
What is molecular configuration? - The fixed arrangement of atoms dictated by the bonds of a
molecule.
What is the metabolic term that describes the synthesis of complex bio-molecules from building
blocks? - anabolism
,What is the metabolic term that describes the breakdown of complex bio-molecules to simple
building blocks? - catabolism
What is the term for a living organism that extracts energy from sunlight? - Phototroph
What is the term for a living organism that extracts energy from chemical molecules? -
Chemotroph
What are the two major classifications for organisms based on how they obtain carbon? -
Autotroph and heterotroph
How to autotrophs obtain carbon? - Fixing CO₂
How to heterotrophs obtain carbon? - Eating food
Formula for change in Gibbs free energy - ∆G = ∆H - T∆S
At equilibrium what is ∆G? - 0
When ∆G is negative? - Forward reaction is spontaneous
When ∆G is positive? - Forward reaction is nonspontaneous
(backwards reaction is spontaneous)
Relationship between ∆G° and ∆G? - ∆G = ∆G° + RTln(Q)
Relationship between ∆G° and k? - ∆G° = -RTln(k)
Structure of amino acid? - Has alpha carbon, carboxyl group, and amino group
, What is physiological pH? - 7.4
Structure of amino acid at physiological pH? - Amino group is protonated and carboxyl group
is deprotonated (zwitterion form)
What is the configuration of all natural amino acids? - L configuration (S configuration)
Non-polar aliphatic amino acids - (GAVLIMP)
Glycine (G)
Alanine (A)
Valine (V)
Leucine (L)
Isoleucine (I)
Proline (P)
Methionine (M)
Non-polar aromatic amino acids - Phenylalanine (F)
Polar aromatic amino acids - Tryptophan (W)
Tyrosine (Y)
Polar amino acids - (CT GAS)
Cysteine
Threonine (T)
Exam Study guide |Test bank Verified Practice
Questions with A+ Answers | Final Exam Guide
FOR 2025/2026
A carbon has its electrons stably distributed into sp3 orbitals. How many different atoms does it
likely bond to? - 4
A carbon has its electrons stably distributed into sp2 orbitals and one pi orbital. How many
different atoms does it likely bond to? - 3
A carbon has its electrons stably distributed into an sp orbital and two pi orbitals. How many
different atoms does it likely bond to? - 2
Most electronegative atoms (in order from least to greatest)? - NOF
What is a molecular conformation? - The (potentially flexible) spatial arrangement of atoms
around fixed bonds in a molecule
What is molecular configuration? - The fixed arrangement of atoms dictated by the bonds of a
molecule.
What is the metabolic term that describes the synthesis of complex bio-molecules from building
blocks? - anabolism
,What is the metabolic term that describes the breakdown of complex bio-molecules to simple
building blocks? - catabolism
What is the term for a living organism that extracts energy from sunlight? - Phototroph
What is the term for a living organism that extracts energy from chemical molecules? -
Chemotroph
What are the two major classifications for organisms based on how they obtain carbon? -
Autotroph and heterotroph
How to autotrophs obtain carbon? - Fixing CO₂
How to heterotrophs obtain carbon? - Eating food
Formula for change in Gibbs free energy - ∆G = ∆H - T∆S
At equilibrium what is ∆G? - 0
When ∆G is negative? - Forward reaction is spontaneous
When ∆G is positive? - Forward reaction is nonspontaneous
(backwards reaction is spontaneous)
Relationship between ∆G° and ∆G? - ∆G = ∆G° + RTln(Q)
Relationship between ∆G° and k? - ∆G° = -RTln(k)
Structure of amino acid? - Has alpha carbon, carboxyl group, and amino group
, What is physiological pH? - 7.4
Structure of amino acid at physiological pH? - Amino group is protonated and carboxyl group
is deprotonated (zwitterion form)
What is the configuration of all natural amino acids? - L configuration (S configuration)
Non-polar aliphatic amino acids - (GAVLIMP)
Glycine (G)
Alanine (A)
Valine (V)
Leucine (L)
Isoleucine (I)
Proline (P)
Methionine (M)
Non-polar aromatic amino acids - Phenylalanine (F)
Polar aromatic amino acids - Tryptophan (W)
Tyrosine (Y)
Polar amino acids - (CT GAS)
Cysteine
Threonine (T)
