NBME 30 Reviewed Questions And
Answers 2025 -2026 GRADED A+
difference b/w Kwashiorkor & Marasmus - ANS- kwashiorkor (edematous malnutrition):
marasmus PLUS EDEMA
- marasmus (WASTING SYNDROME): skin lesions, fatty liver, acute protein-energy
malnutrition with decreased arm circumference, weight per length or BMI
deformation - ANSdisruption in organ morphogenesis occurring AFTER embryonic
period; extrinsic force limits normal organ development
vascular changes in chronic HTN - ANS- hyaline arteriolosclerosis: protein deposition in
vessel walls
- hyperplastic arteriosclerosis (arteriolitis): concentric thickening of vessel wall w/
laminar appearance caused by proliferation of smooth muscle cells
- commonly affects renal arterioles
Nodular glomerulosclerosis - ANSassoc w/ diabetic nephropathy & amyloidosis
supraoptic nucleus - ANSresponsible for ADH secretion from pituitary & urine
concentration
anterior hypothalamic nucleus - ANSthermoregulation (cooling)
arcuate hypothalamic nucleus - ANSappetite stimulation
,dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus - ANSregulation of feeding & circadian rhythm
lateral hypothalamic nucleus - ANSpromotes appetite (GHRELIN)
posterior hypothalamic nucleus - ANSthermoregulating (heating)
ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus - ANSsatiety (LEPTIN)
osteopetrosis - ANSexcessive mineralization of bone & failure of osteoclastic
resorption
- mutation in macrophage colony stimulating factor
achondroplasia - ANShuman dwarfism
- AD mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene
porphyria cutanea tarda - ANSsevere cutaneous photosensitivity with blistering &
hyperpigmentation after exposure to sunlight
- decreased activity of uroporphyringoen decarboxylase enzyme in the production of
HEME
CD8+ T lymphocytes - ANSresponsible for CLEARING a virus
- class I MHC receptors present a virus to CD8+ T cell on an APC
- CD8+ T cell has a specific TCR for the virus; responds by secreting inflammatory
mediators (to attract other cells) perforin/granzyme or interacting with Fas/FasL to
trigger apoptosis
,Class II MHC - ANSare on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including B
cells
- trigger CD4+ T cells, which recruit CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
PKU - ANSdeficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase
- supplementation of TYROSINE is required for synthesis of catecholamines
(norepinephrine, epinephrine & dopamine)
leuprolide - ANSGnRH agonist used for the treatment of prostate cancer
- decreased LH & testosterone release
production of progesterone during pregnancy - ANS- first 7-10 weeks: CORPUS
LUTEUM (stimulating by hCG from placenta)
>10 weeks: placenta
Chronic granulomatous disease - ANSX-linked mutation affecting NADPH oxidase
causing dysfunctioning neutrophils and oxidative burst
- recurrent infections with catalase (+) organisms: S. aureus, Aspergillus & Nocardia
MPO deficiency - ANSRecurrent candida infections
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome - ANSmutation in WAS gene; abnormal cytoskeleton of B & T
cells
- Eczema, recurrent respiratory infections, thrombocytopenia
, Chediak-Higashi syndrome - ANSMutation in LYST (lysosomal trafficking gene
regulator) which causes accumulation of large cytoplasmic granules that cannot fuse
with lysosomes
- increase of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections
- Albinism, photophobia, silver hair
Coccidioidomycosis - ANSfungal infection endemic to Southwest US & California
- respiratory illness, fever, fatigue, cough, arthralgia
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) - ANSAuto-Immune; antibodies formed
against voltage gated Ca2+ channels at NMJ; IMPAIRED PRESYNAPTIC ACH RELEASE
- Sx: skeletal muscle weakness in limbs (improves w/ activity)
- paraneoplastic syndrome assoc w/ small cell lung carcinoma
round ligament - ANSbinds uterus to labia majora
- commonly leads to pain during pregnancy
mesothelioma - ANSpleural effusion & scalloped pleural density; thick, firm, white
pleural tumor
- interstitial fibrosis
- ASBESTOSIS: working in a shipyard, roofing & plumbing
Answers 2025 -2026 GRADED A+
difference b/w Kwashiorkor & Marasmus - ANS- kwashiorkor (edematous malnutrition):
marasmus PLUS EDEMA
- marasmus (WASTING SYNDROME): skin lesions, fatty liver, acute protein-energy
malnutrition with decreased arm circumference, weight per length or BMI
deformation - ANSdisruption in organ morphogenesis occurring AFTER embryonic
period; extrinsic force limits normal organ development
vascular changes in chronic HTN - ANS- hyaline arteriolosclerosis: protein deposition in
vessel walls
- hyperplastic arteriosclerosis (arteriolitis): concentric thickening of vessel wall w/
laminar appearance caused by proliferation of smooth muscle cells
- commonly affects renal arterioles
Nodular glomerulosclerosis - ANSassoc w/ diabetic nephropathy & amyloidosis
supraoptic nucleus - ANSresponsible for ADH secretion from pituitary & urine
concentration
anterior hypothalamic nucleus - ANSthermoregulation (cooling)
arcuate hypothalamic nucleus - ANSappetite stimulation
,dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus - ANSregulation of feeding & circadian rhythm
lateral hypothalamic nucleus - ANSpromotes appetite (GHRELIN)
posterior hypothalamic nucleus - ANSthermoregulating (heating)
ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus - ANSsatiety (LEPTIN)
osteopetrosis - ANSexcessive mineralization of bone & failure of osteoclastic
resorption
- mutation in macrophage colony stimulating factor
achondroplasia - ANShuman dwarfism
- AD mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene
porphyria cutanea tarda - ANSsevere cutaneous photosensitivity with blistering &
hyperpigmentation after exposure to sunlight
- decreased activity of uroporphyringoen decarboxylase enzyme in the production of
HEME
CD8+ T lymphocytes - ANSresponsible for CLEARING a virus
- class I MHC receptors present a virus to CD8+ T cell on an APC
- CD8+ T cell has a specific TCR for the virus; responds by secreting inflammatory
mediators (to attract other cells) perforin/granzyme or interacting with Fas/FasL to
trigger apoptosis
,Class II MHC - ANSare on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including B
cells
- trigger CD4+ T cells, which recruit CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
PKU - ANSdeficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase
- supplementation of TYROSINE is required for synthesis of catecholamines
(norepinephrine, epinephrine & dopamine)
leuprolide - ANSGnRH agonist used for the treatment of prostate cancer
- decreased LH & testosterone release
production of progesterone during pregnancy - ANS- first 7-10 weeks: CORPUS
LUTEUM (stimulating by hCG from placenta)
>10 weeks: placenta
Chronic granulomatous disease - ANSX-linked mutation affecting NADPH oxidase
causing dysfunctioning neutrophils and oxidative burst
- recurrent infections with catalase (+) organisms: S. aureus, Aspergillus & Nocardia
MPO deficiency - ANSRecurrent candida infections
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome - ANSmutation in WAS gene; abnormal cytoskeleton of B & T
cells
- Eczema, recurrent respiratory infections, thrombocytopenia
, Chediak-Higashi syndrome - ANSMutation in LYST (lysosomal trafficking gene
regulator) which causes accumulation of large cytoplasmic granules that cannot fuse
with lysosomes
- increase of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections
- Albinism, photophobia, silver hair
Coccidioidomycosis - ANSfungal infection endemic to Southwest US & California
- respiratory illness, fever, fatigue, cough, arthralgia
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) - ANSAuto-Immune; antibodies formed
against voltage gated Ca2+ channels at NMJ; IMPAIRED PRESYNAPTIC ACH RELEASE
- Sx: skeletal muscle weakness in limbs (improves w/ activity)
- paraneoplastic syndrome assoc w/ small cell lung carcinoma
round ligament - ANSbinds uterus to labia majora
- commonly leads to pain during pregnancy
mesothelioma - ANSpleural effusion & scalloped pleural density; thick, firm, white
pleural tumor
- interstitial fibrosis
- ASBESTOSIS: working in a shipyard, roofing & plumbing
