PHAR 100 – Midterm Test Questions and Answers Graded A+
Key historical influences to pharmacology - 8- Manufacturing
--Civilizations: Greece, Egypt, China 9 - Phase 4: tests over long period/taken
-Poison: Curare, Ergot concurrently w/ other drugs
-Religion
Name 6 advertising techniques - --
Why was zinc oxide an important compound - before/after
-currently found in topical creams (i.e. -fear
calamine) -offer an easy solution
-attention catching
-celeb endorsement
What did ancient greece, egypt, and china -discredit other manufacturers
contribute - -greece - opium - codeine +
morphine
egypt - senna, purgatives Name 3 drug targets - --receptors
china - ephedrine (asthma) -chemical rxn
-physical/chemical forces
What is Curare's function as a poison +
pharmaceutical - -poison = paralysis/death, Explain ED50 - -The dose that gives 50%
drug = anesthesia of max. response
What is Ergot's function as a poison + What are factors that contribute to the removal of
pharmaceutical - -poison = mental frenzy, the drug from the body - -Excretion: kidney
burning limbs, uterus contraction (80%+ of drugs), must be water soluble
pharm = ergotamine: treats migraines, (conversion needed) Biotransformation in liver,
ergonovine: arrests uterine bleeding after metabolism, feces (GI tract), saliva, sweat, milk,
childbirth
Define efficacy - -the max pharmacological
What did Paul Ehrlich design - - response that can be produced by a specific drug
organoarsenicals - binds to parasites = cure for in that bio system
syphillis
Define potency - -The dose of a drug
Name 9 basic drug development steps - - required to produce a certain response (usually
1- drug discovery 50% of max)
2- pre-clinical
3- clinical trial: initial steps
4- phase 1: young healthy people Define therapeutic range - -range of doses
5- phase 2: people affected by disesase (~500 that keep [blood] of a drug above the [minimum]
ppl) to produce desirable response, but below the
6- phase 3: people affected by disease (1000+) [toxic response]
7- Health Canda review
, PHAR 100 – Midterm Test Questions and Answers Graded A+
3. subcutaneous- drug injected into deepest layer
What are the 4 major processes of of skin
pharmacokinetics - -1-absorption
2-distribution
3-metabolism How do drugs cross the membrane? - -1-
4-excretion pore filtration
2- passive diffusion
3- active transport
Name 3 general main routes of administration - 4- pinocytosis
-1. Topical
2. Enteral admin (enter blood through GI tract) (needed for absorption, distribution, excretion)
3. Parental admin (injected into bloodstream)
Explain bioavailability - -fraction of
What are the 3 topical administration methods - administered dose that reaches the systemic
-1. on skin circulation in an active form (i.e. 100%
2. through skin (transdermal) bioavailability for IV injection)
3. inhalation (rapidly absorbed by lungs)
Explain absorption - -movement of a drug
What are the 3 enteral administration methods - from administered site -> blood stream
-1. mouth: most convenient, least 1-diffustion through aqueous pores (mol. weight
expensive <150) - down [gradient]
2. rectum: systemic or local, bypasses 2- diffusion through lipids - depends on solubility
stomach/liver enzymes 3- active transport (imp in removal of metabolites)
3. sublingual/buccal: under tongue/cheek
Explain distribution, distribution equilibrium -
Explain biotransformation - -liver contains -drug movement: blood -> site of
enzymes that are able to convert drugs + other action/tissues until [drug @ distribution site] =
chemicals to water soluble products to be [drug in blood]
excreted in the urine - usually results in
inactivation
Explain metabolism, where it occurs and what it
produces - --conversion of drug -> diff.
What is the main enzyme in biotransformation - chemical compound
-Cytochromes P450 -produces metabolites
-genetically variable -occurs mainly in the liver (also in kidneys, lungs,
-many drugs -substrates for P450 skin, intestines)
What are the 3 parental administration methods - What is therapeutic index - -Indicates the
-1. intravenous safety of a drug
2. intramuscular- drug injected deep into a Toxic dose to 50% of pop.
muscle Median effective dose to 50% of pop
Key historical influences to pharmacology - 8- Manufacturing
--Civilizations: Greece, Egypt, China 9 - Phase 4: tests over long period/taken
-Poison: Curare, Ergot concurrently w/ other drugs
-Religion
Name 6 advertising techniques - --
Why was zinc oxide an important compound - before/after
-currently found in topical creams (i.e. -fear
calamine) -offer an easy solution
-attention catching
-celeb endorsement
What did ancient greece, egypt, and china -discredit other manufacturers
contribute - -greece - opium - codeine +
morphine
egypt - senna, purgatives Name 3 drug targets - --receptors
china - ephedrine (asthma) -chemical rxn
-physical/chemical forces
What is Curare's function as a poison +
pharmaceutical - -poison = paralysis/death, Explain ED50 - -The dose that gives 50%
drug = anesthesia of max. response
What is Ergot's function as a poison + What are factors that contribute to the removal of
pharmaceutical - -poison = mental frenzy, the drug from the body - -Excretion: kidney
burning limbs, uterus contraction (80%+ of drugs), must be water soluble
pharm = ergotamine: treats migraines, (conversion needed) Biotransformation in liver,
ergonovine: arrests uterine bleeding after metabolism, feces (GI tract), saliva, sweat, milk,
childbirth
Define efficacy - -the max pharmacological
What did Paul Ehrlich design - - response that can be produced by a specific drug
organoarsenicals - binds to parasites = cure for in that bio system
syphillis
Define potency - -The dose of a drug
Name 9 basic drug development steps - - required to produce a certain response (usually
1- drug discovery 50% of max)
2- pre-clinical
3- clinical trial: initial steps
4- phase 1: young healthy people Define therapeutic range - -range of doses
5- phase 2: people affected by disesase (~500 that keep [blood] of a drug above the [minimum]
ppl) to produce desirable response, but below the
6- phase 3: people affected by disease (1000+) [toxic response]
7- Health Canda review
, PHAR 100 – Midterm Test Questions and Answers Graded A+
3. subcutaneous- drug injected into deepest layer
What are the 4 major processes of of skin
pharmacokinetics - -1-absorption
2-distribution
3-metabolism How do drugs cross the membrane? - -1-
4-excretion pore filtration
2- passive diffusion
3- active transport
Name 3 general main routes of administration - 4- pinocytosis
-1. Topical
2. Enteral admin (enter blood through GI tract) (needed for absorption, distribution, excretion)
3. Parental admin (injected into bloodstream)
Explain bioavailability - -fraction of
What are the 3 topical administration methods - administered dose that reaches the systemic
-1. on skin circulation in an active form (i.e. 100%
2. through skin (transdermal) bioavailability for IV injection)
3. inhalation (rapidly absorbed by lungs)
Explain absorption - -movement of a drug
What are the 3 enteral administration methods - from administered site -> blood stream
-1. mouth: most convenient, least 1-diffustion through aqueous pores (mol. weight
expensive <150) - down [gradient]
2. rectum: systemic or local, bypasses 2- diffusion through lipids - depends on solubility
stomach/liver enzymes 3- active transport (imp in removal of metabolites)
3. sublingual/buccal: under tongue/cheek
Explain distribution, distribution equilibrium -
Explain biotransformation - -liver contains -drug movement: blood -> site of
enzymes that are able to convert drugs + other action/tissues until [drug @ distribution site] =
chemicals to water soluble products to be [drug in blood]
excreted in the urine - usually results in
inactivation
Explain metabolism, where it occurs and what it
produces - --conversion of drug -> diff.
What is the main enzyme in biotransformation - chemical compound
-Cytochromes P450 -produces metabolites
-genetically variable -occurs mainly in the liver (also in kidneys, lungs,
-many drugs -substrates for P450 skin, intestines)
What are the 3 parental administration methods - What is therapeutic index - -Indicates the
-1. intravenous safety of a drug
2. intramuscular- drug injected deep into a Toxic dose to 50% of pop.
muscle Median effective dose to 50% of pop
