English test 2 (week 4-5-6-7)
Week 4, 22 OCT
Academic English: reported speech
Direct speech= what someone actually says
Reported speech= report what someone said (he said he would call me)
Changes to the sentence: back shifting (tense of the verb is moved back
one tense)
Present simple (I like cupcakes) → she said she liked cupcakes
Present cont (I am making) → past continuous (she said she was making)
Past continuous (she was making) → past perfect (she said she had been making)
Past simple (I bought a car) → she said she had bought a car OR she said she
bought a car.
Present perfect (I haven’t seen Julie) → she said she hadn’t seen Julie
Past perfect (I had taken English lessons before) → she said she had taken…
Will (I’ll see you later) → she said she would see me later
Would (I would help…) → She said she would help…
Can (I can speak perfect Eng) → she said she could speak perfect …
Could (I could swim when I was four) → she said she could swim when…
Shall (I shall come later) → she said she would come later
Should (I should call my mother) → she said she could call her mother
Might (I might be later) → She said she might be later
Must (I must study at the weekend) → she said she must study OR she said she
had to study.
Changes to pronouns
We’ll phone later.
→ They said they would phone later
I gave her my book. (possessive)
→ He said he gave her his book.
I went there yesterday. (time & place)
→ She said she had been there the day before / on Monday/ the 17th.
When did she finish her tasks?
1
, → He asked when she had finished her tasks.
Do you like peanut butter?
→ He asked me if I liked peanut butter.
Sit down!
→ He told me to sit down.
Shut up!
→ He told me to shut up.
Will you sit down, please?
→ He asked /told me if I would sit down.
If it’s still true, you can choose to use the same tense:
“I love chocolate” → She said she loved /loves chocolate.
Water boils at 100°C → She said water boils at 100°C.
Now → at the moment
Next week → next week/ week after/ this week.
Tomorrow → tomorrow/ the day after/ the 17th.
I must go → He said he had to / needed to go.
Court Procedures and Alternative Dispute Resolution p107-115
voc.
UK Society: New Labour, Devolution and the Good Friday Agreement
1997: symbolic farewell to Hong Kong
Devolution; transferring decision-making from Westminster to new institutions
in Scotland, Wales, London without creating a federal state: Parliament remains
legally sovereign, and powers can differ by territory.
Asymmetries of the union (diff legal systems, national churches, local-govt
traditions, administrative histories) made one-size-fits-all model IMPOSSIBLE.
→ Referendums
Cool Brittania: increased pride in UK culture (2nd half of 1990s, inspired by
1960s Swinging London pop culture, e.g. Spice Girls, Oasis).
Landslide victory Labour Party (renewed feeling of optimism after tumultuous
‘70s and ‘80s). Blair transformed the party to be more centrist.
2
, 1998 Good Friday Agreement Referendum. 30-year violence ended.
1922: Northern Ireland became a self-governing region of the UK (Ireland had
become independent before), more autonomy.
2/3 population: Protestant (unionist, loyal to UK) VS 1/3 population: Catholic
(nationalists, reunion with republic of Ireland).
Before partition: economic migrants (catholics) to N Ireland; shipbuilding and
linen-making industry. Best jobs (public &private) went to Protestants.
Majority protestants so governance mostly Dominance
of the Ulster Unionist Party (UPP), gerrymandering districts (manipulating
electoral boundaries in order to win more constituencies), restricting the
franchise/votes to ratepayers(=head of household) and their spouses= wifes
(catholic households were more likely to include unemployed adult children so
they could not vote= catholic discrimination): allocation of public housing,
appointment to public service jobs, investment in their neighbourhoods, police
force almost exclusively Protestant (police force: Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC)
+ paramilitary force (Ulster Special Constabilty, B Specials) → Catholics more
likely to be subject to police harassment.
Divide grounded in culture and politics, not due to theological differences. Neither
Irish history nor Irish language was taught + illegal to fly the flag of the Irish
Republic + 1956-1974 Sinn Féin Party was banned.
Most Catholics identified as Irish and sought incorporation into the Irish
Republic. Protestants saw themselves as British and they feared they would
lose their culture and privileges, especially if N Ireland became part of the
republic + expressed solidarity through organisations like the Orange Order.
For 40 years the status of NI was relatively stable. In the early 60s, NI’s PM
Terence O’Neill notices decline in industrial economy and wants to do something
about it. Political and social tensions are rising. Reinvigoration of the
economy necessary. Goes to Irish president (nationalist) and exchanges ideas
with Irish president= Taoiseach. Seen as inadequate by nationalists. Protestants
don’t like it either (too conciliatory).
Catholics had gained new expectations for equitable treatment: 1947 Education
Act had provided opportunities like higher education. Political activism on the rise
in Europe (May 1968 Prague Spring). Amr Civil Rights movements leads to
creation of Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association NICRA by catholic activists
(John Hume and Bernadette Devling).
Oct 5th 1968: Civil Rights March in Derry= starting point of the
Troubles (30 years of violence btw cath and protest). March against
discrimination and gerrymandering. March banned bcs of counterprotest by
loyalists. NICRA went ahead anyway, and rioting erupted after RUC violently
suppressed marchers with a water cannon.
Aug 12th 1969: loyalist march in Londonderry/ Derry. 2 days of rioting=
battle of the Bogside. UK’s govt sends British army, but violent confrontation
3
Week 4, 22 OCT
Academic English: reported speech
Direct speech= what someone actually says
Reported speech= report what someone said (he said he would call me)
Changes to the sentence: back shifting (tense of the verb is moved back
one tense)
Present simple (I like cupcakes) → she said she liked cupcakes
Present cont (I am making) → past continuous (she said she was making)
Past continuous (she was making) → past perfect (she said she had been making)
Past simple (I bought a car) → she said she had bought a car OR she said she
bought a car.
Present perfect (I haven’t seen Julie) → she said she hadn’t seen Julie
Past perfect (I had taken English lessons before) → she said she had taken…
Will (I’ll see you later) → she said she would see me later
Would (I would help…) → She said she would help…
Can (I can speak perfect Eng) → she said she could speak perfect …
Could (I could swim when I was four) → she said she could swim when…
Shall (I shall come later) → she said she would come later
Should (I should call my mother) → she said she could call her mother
Might (I might be later) → She said she might be later
Must (I must study at the weekend) → she said she must study OR she said she
had to study.
Changes to pronouns
We’ll phone later.
→ They said they would phone later
I gave her my book. (possessive)
→ He said he gave her his book.
I went there yesterday. (time & place)
→ She said she had been there the day before / on Monday/ the 17th.
When did she finish her tasks?
1
, → He asked when she had finished her tasks.
Do you like peanut butter?
→ He asked me if I liked peanut butter.
Sit down!
→ He told me to sit down.
Shut up!
→ He told me to shut up.
Will you sit down, please?
→ He asked /told me if I would sit down.
If it’s still true, you can choose to use the same tense:
“I love chocolate” → She said she loved /loves chocolate.
Water boils at 100°C → She said water boils at 100°C.
Now → at the moment
Next week → next week/ week after/ this week.
Tomorrow → tomorrow/ the day after/ the 17th.
I must go → He said he had to / needed to go.
Court Procedures and Alternative Dispute Resolution p107-115
voc.
UK Society: New Labour, Devolution and the Good Friday Agreement
1997: symbolic farewell to Hong Kong
Devolution; transferring decision-making from Westminster to new institutions
in Scotland, Wales, London without creating a federal state: Parliament remains
legally sovereign, and powers can differ by territory.
Asymmetries of the union (diff legal systems, national churches, local-govt
traditions, administrative histories) made one-size-fits-all model IMPOSSIBLE.
→ Referendums
Cool Brittania: increased pride in UK culture (2nd half of 1990s, inspired by
1960s Swinging London pop culture, e.g. Spice Girls, Oasis).
Landslide victory Labour Party (renewed feeling of optimism after tumultuous
‘70s and ‘80s). Blair transformed the party to be more centrist.
2
, 1998 Good Friday Agreement Referendum. 30-year violence ended.
1922: Northern Ireland became a self-governing region of the UK (Ireland had
become independent before), more autonomy.
2/3 population: Protestant (unionist, loyal to UK) VS 1/3 population: Catholic
(nationalists, reunion with republic of Ireland).
Before partition: economic migrants (catholics) to N Ireland; shipbuilding and
linen-making industry. Best jobs (public &private) went to Protestants.
Majority protestants so governance mostly Dominance
of the Ulster Unionist Party (UPP), gerrymandering districts (manipulating
electoral boundaries in order to win more constituencies), restricting the
franchise/votes to ratepayers(=head of household) and their spouses= wifes
(catholic households were more likely to include unemployed adult children so
they could not vote= catholic discrimination): allocation of public housing,
appointment to public service jobs, investment in their neighbourhoods, police
force almost exclusively Protestant (police force: Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC)
+ paramilitary force (Ulster Special Constabilty, B Specials) → Catholics more
likely to be subject to police harassment.
Divide grounded in culture and politics, not due to theological differences. Neither
Irish history nor Irish language was taught + illegal to fly the flag of the Irish
Republic + 1956-1974 Sinn Féin Party was banned.
Most Catholics identified as Irish and sought incorporation into the Irish
Republic. Protestants saw themselves as British and they feared they would
lose their culture and privileges, especially if N Ireland became part of the
republic + expressed solidarity through organisations like the Orange Order.
For 40 years the status of NI was relatively stable. In the early 60s, NI’s PM
Terence O’Neill notices decline in industrial economy and wants to do something
about it. Political and social tensions are rising. Reinvigoration of the
economy necessary. Goes to Irish president (nationalist) and exchanges ideas
with Irish president= Taoiseach. Seen as inadequate by nationalists. Protestants
don’t like it either (too conciliatory).
Catholics had gained new expectations for equitable treatment: 1947 Education
Act had provided opportunities like higher education. Political activism on the rise
in Europe (May 1968 Prague Spring). Amr Civil Rights movements leads to
creation of Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association NICRA by catholic activists
(John Hume and Bernadette Devling).
Oct 5th 1968: Civil Rights March in Derry= starting point of the
Troubles (30 years of violence btw cath and protest). March against
discrimination and gerrymandering. March banned bcs of counterprotest by
loyalists. NICRA went ahead anyway, and rioting erupted after RUC violently
suppressed marchers with a water cannon.
Aug 12th 1969: loyalist march in Londonderry/ Derry. 2 days of rioting=
battle of the Bogside. UK’s govt sends British army, but violent confrontation
3
