NUR 4390 Exam 3 part 4 Questions With
Correct Answers
Skull |Fractures-Clinical |Manifestations |general
persistent, |localized |pain
Basal |skull |fracture |clinical |manifestations
-hemorrhage |from |the |nose, |pharynx, |or |ears, |and |blood |may |appear |under |the |conjunctiva
|"racoon |eyes"
-an |area |of |ecchymosis |may |be |seen |over |the |mastoid |(Battle's |sign)
-CSF |may |escape |from |the |ears |and |the |nose
Do |older |adults |with |head |injuries |have |higher |mortality |rates, |longer |hospitalizations, |and |
poorer |functional |outcomes?
Yes
Neuro |assessment |in |older |adults |with |head |injuries
○ |hearing/visual |deficits
○ |Pre-existing |dementia |or |cognitive |issues
○ |What |is |their |baseline? |Hard |to |know
Why |do |older |adults |with |head |injuries |have |a |higher |risk |for |developing |hematomas?
○ |Brain |weight |decreases: |More |space |for |the |blood |to |accumulate
○ |On |aspirin |and |anticoagulant: |More |likely |to |have |bleeding |on |these |meds
Closed |(blunt) |brain |injury
○ |when |the |head |accelerates |and |then |rapidly |decelerates |or |collides |with |another |object
○ |brain |tissue |is |damaged |but |there |is |no |opening |through |the |skull |and |dura
Open |Brain |Injury
○ |when |an |object |penetrates |the |skull, |enters |the |brain, |and |damages |the |soft |brain |tissue |in |
its |path
○ |when |blunt |trauma |is |so |severe |that |it |opens |the |scalp, |skull, |and |dura |to |expose |the |brain |
(dura |is |tough |tissue)
, 2 |types |of |brain |injuries
focal |and |diffuse
focal |brain |injuries
contusions |(least |lethal) |and |hematomas
diffuse |brain |injuries
concussions |and |diffuse |axonal |injuries |(the |most |lethal)
what |causes |a |contusion |brain |injury?
severe |acceleration-deceleration |force |or |blunt |trauma
In |contusions, |The |brain |is |bruised |and |damaged |in |a
specific |area
Where |are |brain |contusions |usually |located
Mostly |in |the |anterior |portions |of |the |frontal |and |temporal |lobes
Brain |contusions |s/s
Loss |of |consciousness |associated |with |stupor |and |confusion
In |brain |contusions, |hemorrhage |and |edema |peak |after |__ |hours
18-36
collections |of |blood |in |the |brain |that |may |be |epidural, |subdural, |or |intracerebral
Brain |Hematome |associated |with |Intracranial |Hemorrhage
With |intracranial |hemorrhage, |Major |symptoms |are |delayed |until |the |hematoma |is |large |
enough |to |cause
distortion |of |the |brain |and |increased |ICP
Note: |particularly |among |elederly
Top |priority |with |Intracranial |hemorrhage
MONITOR |ICP
What |can |ICP |cause
the |brain |to |herniate |downward
Correct Answers
Skull |Fractures-Clinical |Manifestations |general
persistent, |localized |pain
Basal |skull |fracture |clinical |manifestations
-hemorrhage |from |the |nose, |pharynx, |or |ears, |and |blood |may |appear |under |the |conjunctiva
|"racoon |eyes"
-an |area |of |ecchymosis |may |be |seen |over |the |mastoid |(Battle's |sign)
-CSF |may |escape |from |the |ears |and |the |nose
Do |older |adults |with |head |injuries |have |higher |mortality |rates, |longer |hospitalizations, |and |
poorer |functional |outcomes?
Yes
Neuro |assessment |in |older |adults |with |head |injuries
○ |hearing/visual |deficits
○ |Pre-existing |dementia |or |cognitive |issues
○ |What |is |their |baseline? |Hard |to |know
Why |do |older |adults |with |head |injuries |have |a |higher |risk |for |developing |hematomas?
○ |Brain |weight |decreases: |More |space |for |the |blood |to |accumulate
○ |On |aspirin |and |anticoagulant: |More |likely |to |have |bleeding |on |these |meds
Closed |(blunt) |brain |injury
○ |when |the |head |accelerates |and |then |rapidly |decelerates |or |collides |with |another |object
○ |brain |tissue |is |damaged |but |there |is |no |opening |through |the |skull |and |dura
Open |Brain |Injury
○ |when |an |object |penetrates |the |skull, |enters |the |brain, |and |damages |the |soft |brain |tissue |in |
its |path
○ |when |blunt |trauma |is |so |severe |that |it |opens |the |scalp, |skull, |and |dura |to |expose |the |brain |
(dura |is |tough |tissue)
, 2 |types |of |brain |injuries
focal |and |diffuse
focal |brain |injuries
contusions |(least |lethal) |and |hematomas
diffuse |brain |injuries
concussions |and |diffuse |axonal |injuries |(the |most |lethal)
what |causes |a |contusion |brain |injury?
severe |acceleration-deceleration |force |or |blunt |trauma
In |contusions, |The |brain |is |bruised |and |damaged |in |a
specific |area
Where |are |brain |contusions |usually |located
Mostly |in |the |anterior |portions |of |the |frontal |and |temporal |lobes
Brain |contusions |s/s
Loss |of |consciousness |associated |with |stupor |and |confusion
In |brain |contusions, |hemorrhage |and |edema |peak |after |__ |hours
18-36
collections |of |blood |in |the |brain |that |may |be |epidural, |subdural, |or |intracerebral
Brain |Hematome |associated |with |Intracranial |Hemorrhage
With |intracranial |hemorrhage, |Major |symptoms |are |delayed |until |the |hematoma |is |large |
enough |to |cause
distortion |of |the |brain |and |increased |ICP
Note: |particularly |among |elederly
Top |priority |with |Intracranial |hemorrhage
MONITOR |ICP
What |can |ICP |cause
the |brain |to |herniate |downward
