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Exam (elaborations)

ABFM HEALTH COUNSELING AND PREVENTIVE CARE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

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ABFM HEALTH COUNSELING AND PREVENTIVE CARE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

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ABFM
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Institution
ABFM
Course
ABFM

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Uploaded on
November 15, 2025
Number of pages
55
Written in
2025/2026
Type
Exam (elaborations)
Contains
Questions & answers

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ABFM HEALTH COUNSELING AND PREVENTIVE



Youyareycounselingyay45-year-oldymaleywithyelevatedyLDL-
cholesterol.yWhenydiscussingydietaryychangesytoypromoteyhealthyylipidylevels,ywhichyoneyofytheyfol
lowingywouldybeyaccurateyadvice?



Heyshouldyminimizeyhisyconsumptionyofynuts

TheyDietaryyApproachesytoyStopyHypertensiony(DASH)ydietyrecommendedyforyreducingyhypertensi
onywillyhelpyloweryhisyLDL-cholesterolylevel

Saturatedyfatsyshouldycomprisey15%yorylessyofyhisycaloricyintake

Heyshouldyaimyforyayfiberyintakeyofy25ygydaily

Heyshouldyrecordywhatyheyhasyeatenyinyayfoodydiaryyatytheyendyofyeachydayy-yyCORRECTyANSWERSB



Iny2013,ytheyAmericanyHeartyAssociationy(AHA)yissuedylifestyleymanagementyguidelinesydesignedy
toyreduceycardiovascularyrisk.yForyadultypatientsywithyelevatedyLDL-
cholesterolylevelsytheyAHAyadvisesyfollowingydietyplansysuchyasytheyDietaryyApproachesytoyStopyHy
pertensiony(DASH)ydiet,ytheyAHAydiet,yorytheyUSDAyFoodyPattern.yTheyAHAyspecificallyyrecommen
dsyreducingytheypercentageyofycaloriesyfromysaturatedyfat,yaimingyforyaygoalyofy6%-
7%yofycaloriesyfromythisysource.yTheyAHAyalsoyrecommendsyaydietythatyemphasizesytheyconsumpti
onyofyfruits,yvegetables,yandywholeygrains,yandywhichyincludesyfish,ypoultry,ylow-
fatydairyyproducts,ylegumes,ynontropicalyvegetableyoils,yandynuts.yConsumptionyofyredymeat,yswee
ts,yandysugar-
sweetenedybeveragesyshouldybeydiscouraged.Althoughydietaryyfiberyhasybeenyshownytoyhaveyseve
ralybeneficialyhealthyeffects,ytheyaverageydailyyintakeyforymostyAmericansyisy15ygydaily,ywhichyisymu
chylowerythanytheyrecommendedyamount.yTheyrecommendedydailyyfiberyintakeyforymalesyagey14-
50yisy38ygydaily.yForyotherypopulationsytheyrecommendedyamountyisylower,yandyvariesyaccordingyto
yageyandysex.ySeveralyrandomized,ycontrolledytrialsyhaveyshownyayreductionyofyLDL-


cholesterolywithyhigheryfiberyconsumption.yAyfoodydiaryyisyanyimportantyaspectyofydietaryybehavio
rychangeybutyityisymostyaccurateyifyentriesyareymadeyimmediatelyyafteryfoodyisyconsumed.

,Ay24-year-
oldyfemaleyseesyyouyforyaypreconceptionyvisityandyremovalyofyheryIUD.yThisywillybeyheryfirstypregna
ncyyandysheytellsyyouythatysheyhasysmokedy¼-
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dviceyregardingytheyrisksyfromysmoking?



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Smokingyduringypregnancyyincreasesytheyriskyofyclubfoot

Smokingyduringypregnancyyincreasesytheyriskyofycongenitalyatrialyseptalydefects

Stoppingysmokingynowywillyreduceytheyincreasedyriskyofyorofacialydefectsyinyheryinfant

Reducingysmokingynowywillyreduceytheyriskyofypretermydeliveryy-yyCORRECTyANSWERSD



Thereyareymanyyreproductiveyproblemsyrelatedytoysmoking,yincludingyconceptionydelayyandybothy
primaryyandysecondaryyinfertility;yanyincreasedyriskyofyectopicypregnancyyandyspontaneousyaborti
on;yanyincreasedyriskyofyabruption,ypretermyruptureyofymembranes,yplacentayprevia,yandyprematu
reydelivery;yandyincreasedyperinatalymorbidityyandymortality,yincludingystillbirth,ylowybirthyweight,y
andySIDS-
relatedydeaths.yThey2001ySurgeonyGeneral'syReportyonywomenyandysmokingymakesyityclearythatyst
oppingysmokingyduringypregnancyyreducesyandysometimesyeliminatesymanyyofytheseyconsequenc
es.Smallyforygestationalyagey(SGA)yinfantsyareyaydose-
dependentyoutcomeyofymaternalysmoking,ywithyanyoddsyratioy(OR)yofy2.11ywhenywomenysmokeyth
roughoutypregnancy.yRisksyforyprematurityy(ORy1.15)yandyfetalydeathy(ORy1.15)yareyalsoyincreased.y
TheyriskyofyhavingyanySGAyinfantyisyavoidedyifysmokingyisyreduced,ybutytheyrisksyforyprematurityyand
yincreasedyfetalydeathyareynot.Iny2014ytheyU.S.ySurgeonyGeneralyissuedyaynewyreportyonytheyhealth


yconsequencesyofysmokingythatynotedythatytheyevidenceywasystrongyenoughytoyinferyaycausalylinkyb


etweenymaternalysmokingyandyorofacialyclefts.yThisywasystillytrueywhenytheySurgeonyGeneralyissue
dyayreportyonysmokingycessationyiny2020.yNoylinkycouldybeyinferred,yhowever,ybetweenysmokingyan
dyotherycongenitalydefects,yincludingyclubfoot,ygastroschisis,yandyatrialyseptalydefects.yThereyisynoy
evidenceythatymaternalysmokingyleadsytoyincreasedyratesyofychildhoodyattention-
deficit/hyperactivityydisorder.



Ay55-year-
oldymaleyexpressesyconcernyaboutyhisyinabilityytoymaintainyanyerectionythatyallowsyforysatisfactoryy

,sexualyintercourseywithyhisywife.yHeytakesyover-the-
counterydiphenhydraminey(Benadryl)yatynightyforysleepyandytakesyaydailyymultivitamin.yHeysaysyhey
drinksyoney12-ounceybeery2-
3ytimesyperyweek.yAyphysicalyexaminationyisynormal,yincludingyhisybloodypressure.Whichyoneyofyth
eyfollowingywouldyyouytellyhim?



Mostycasesyofyerectileydysfunctiony(ED)yhaveyaypsychogenicyetiology

DiphenhydramineyhasylittleyimpactyonyhisyED

Abstainingyfromyalcoholyuseywillyimproveyhisysymptoms

Erectileydysfunctionymayybeyanyearlyyindicationyofyvascularydisease

Abouty5%yofymenyhisyageyexperienceyEDy-yyCORRECTyANSWERSD



Erectileydysfunctiony(ED)yisycommon,yaffectingyanyestimatedy30ymillionymenyinytheyUnitedyStates,ya
ndybecomesymoreycommonywithyadvancingyage.yTheyHealthyProfessionalsyFollow-
upyStudyyreportedymoderateytoysevereyEDyiny12%yofymenyyoungerythany59,y22%yofymenyagesy60-
69,yandy30%yofymenyolderythany69.ItywasypreviouslyythoughtythatytheymajorityyofycasesyofyEDywerey
causedybyypsychogenicyfactorsysuchyasyfamilyyoryoccupationalystress.yHowever,yevidenceysuggestsy
thatyapproximatelyy80%yofyEDyisydueytoyorganicydisease,ywhichycanybeydividedyintoyhormonal,yvasc
ulogenic,yandyneurogenicycauses.yVasculogenicyetiologiesyareytheymostycommon,ywithyarterialyory"
inflow"ydisordersyaccountingyforymoreyproblemsythanyvenousydisorders.yTheypatientyshouldybeyad
visedythatytheiryEDyisyayriskyfactoryforyunderlyingycardiovascularydiseaseyandythatyfurtheryevaluatio
nymayybeyappropriate.yItyisyimportantytoyremember,yhowever,ythatyevenythoughytheyprimaryyetiolo
gyyofyEDyisymostyoftenyorganic,ypsychologicalyfactorsyfrequentlyycoexistyandyplayyayroleyinytheydysfu
nction.ManyymedicationsycanycauseyorycontributeytoyED.yItyisyestimatedythatyasymanyyasy25%yofyED
ycasesyareydueytoymedicationysideyeffects.yThisyhighlightsytheycrucialyroleyofytheyprimaryycareyphysi


cianyinyreviewingymedicationylistsyandymodifyingytreatmentyregimensyasypartyofyaddressingyED.yCo
mmonyoffendersyincludeyantihistamines,yantihypertensivesyandydiureticsysuchyasyhydrochlorothia
zideyandyspironolactone,ypsychoactiveymedicationsyincludingySSRIs,yandyanti-
epilepsyymedications.yItyisynotyclearywhetherylowyamountsyofyalcoholycauseyerectileydysfunction.



Ay42-year-
oldyfemaleyseesyyouyforyayroutineyhealthymaintenanceyvisit.yHeryneighborywasyjustydiagnosedywithy
ovarianycanceryandyhasyencouragedyherytoyhaveyheryCA-

, 125ylevelychecked.yTheypatientyasksyaboutyovarianycanceryriskyfactors,yprevention,yandyscreening.y
Whichyoneyofytheyfollowingywouldybeyappropriateyadvice?



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Hormoneyreplacementytherapyyafterymenopauseydecreasesytheyriskyforysubsequentyovarianycance
r

CA-125yhasyayfalse-positiveyrateyofy98%ywhenyusedytoyscreenyforyovarianycancer

Bimanualyexaminationsyareyrecommendedytoyscreenyforyovarianycancer

Transvaginalyultrasonographyyisyrecommendedytoyscreenyforyovarianycancery-
yyCORRECTyANSWERSC




OvarianycanceryisytheyfifthyleadingycauseyofycancerydeathyamongywomenyinytheyUnitedyStates.yRisky
factorsyassociatedywithyovarianycanceryincludeyaypositiveyfamilyyhistoryyandyhavingytheyBRCA1yoryB
RCA2ygeneymutation.yAyfirstyorysecondydegreeyrelativeywithyovarianycanceryincreasesytheyriskybyyab
outythreefold.yTheyuseyofyoralycontraceptivesyduringytheyreproductiveyyears,yandypregnancy,yespec
iallyyafteryagey35,yreduceytheyriskyofyovarianycancer,ybutypostmenopausalyestrogenyuseymayyincrea
seytheyrisk.TheyU.S.yPreventiveyServicesyTaskyForceydoesynotycurrentlyyrecommendyscreeningyforyo
varianycancer,yasyityisylikelyytoyhaveyayrelativelyylowyyieldy(Dyrecommendation).yAlmostyallywomeny
withyaypositiveyscreeningytestyforyCA-
125ywillynotyhaveyovarianycancer.yInywomenyatyaverageyrisk,ytheypositiveypredictiveyvalueyofyanyabn
ormalyCA-
125yisyapproximatelyy2%,ysoy98%yofywomenywithypositiveytestyresultsywillynotyhaveyovarianycancer.y
Thereyareynoycurrentyrecommendationsyforyovarianycanceryscreeningybyyeitherytransvaginalyultras
onographyyorypelvicyexamination.



Aymaleywhoywasybornyiny1970ycomesytoyyouryofficeyforyaypreoperativeyexaminationyforyanyorthope
dicyprocedureyonyhisyknee.yHeyisyotherwiseyhealthyyandydoesynotytakeyanyymedications,ybutyheyhas
ynotyseenyayphysicianyfory6yyears.yHeyusedyillicitydrugsyforyaybriefyperiodyatyagey23ybutyhasynotydoney


soysinceythatytimeyandyhasyhadythreeysexualypartners,yallyofythemyfemale.yYouyuseythisyopportunityy
toycounselyhimyonypreventiveyhealthyscreenings,yincludingyhepatitisyC.Whichyoneyofytheyfollowingyi
sytrueyregardingyscreeningyforyhepatitisyC?
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