NR568 Final Exam Study Guide
Week 5
- Prevention of osteoporosis with hormone replacement therapy
HT reduces postmenopausal bone loss and thereby decreases the risk for osteoporosis and
related fractures.
The first line of prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is hormone replacement therapy
(HRT). All of the approved drugs for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis act as
inhibitors of bone resorption; these drugs include HRT, selective estrogen receptor modulators,
calcitonin, and bisphosphonates
- When and when not to use progestin for hormone replacement therapy and why
You should not use HRT (Estrogen with or without Progestin) for the prevention or treatment of
coronary heart disease or stroke. HRT (Estrogen with or without Progestin) is effective for the
control of hot flashes, night sweats and vaginal dryness.
Local vs. systemic estrogen options and why one would be chosen over the other
Prostaglandins
I. Prostaglandins, a group of lipids, originate from the fatty acids and act as a middleman.
The hormone rushes to the work whenever there is an incident of tissue damage.
Hence, the primary attribution of these molecules is to clot blood and form new cells on
the wounded site. They do the task by inhibiting the aggregation of the platelet.
II. Aside from that, prostaglandins control the inflammation due to injury, blood pressure,
and blood flow. Furthermore, the hormone also contributes to uterine contraction during
pregnancy labor.
Leukotrienes
I. Leukotrienes, the inflammatory chemical group, are responsible for your suffering during
an allergy attack. These hormones signal the airway muscles to tighten and release
excess mucus as soon as you make any contact with an allergen. The leukotrienes also
cause lung swelling in asthma and play an inflammatory role in tissue damage or injury.
Histamine
I. Histamine fights on your behalf against any potential allergy or alien that invades
your immunity system. Your while blood cells secrete these compounds whenever
under attack. Such inflammatory responses might trigger an allergic reaction in the
body, such as itching or sneezing.
II. Histamine has some other roles to perform too. The local hormone contributes in
III. Smooth muscle contraction, Blood pressure regulation, Capillary permeability
enhancement by blood vessel dilation, Gastric juice secretion, Serotonin
1
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, NR568 Final Exam Study Guide
IV. The amino acids are the building blocks of serotonin, the essential neurotransmitter
of our body. These local hormones are present in bulk in the digestive system, blood
platelet, and central nervous system.
V. Serotonin has a noticeable contribution to mood stabilization, sharpening memory,
and the cognitive system. But, do you know the lack of this neurotransmitter causes
depression and anxiety? Besides lifting your mood, serotonin plays a role in
maintaining a healthy sleep pattern and digestion process. The hormone also takes
part in blood clotting and boosting the immunity network.
Estrogen
I. Estrogen, the female hormone, plays the master role in flourishing feminine
characteristics. This hormone contributes to, Breast and sexual organ development,
Driving sexual desire and gratification, Healthy menstruation cycle, and Body fat
distribution
II. The estrogen level fluctuates and takes a hit during the menopausal transition. The lack
of this hormone leads to hot flashes, night sweats, frequent mood swings, and weight
gain.
Progesterone
I. The ovaries and placenta are the primary manufacturers of progesterone hormones.
However, the adrenal gland also has a significant contribution to the production of this
hormone.
II. Progesterone is considered the secondary female hormone due to its role during
pregnancy, conception, and maintaining the menstrual cycle. Hence, the lack of these
molecules leads to irregular periods, mood swings, interrupted sleep cycles, anxiety, etc.
Androgen
I. Androgen, also called the male hormone, is a group of sex hormones that dominates
male characteristics. But, surprisingly, women also require a fair share of androgen to
balance out their hormones.
II. The androgen surge during puberty contributes to the reproductive system development,
pubic and facial hair growth, and the deepening of the voice. This hormone also has a
significant role in libido and building muscle mass.
Local Hormones Systemic Hormones
Originates from one specific
Produced from nerves and glands
gland or tissue
Localized work Work throughout the body
Perform tasks like blood clotting, building immunity, and
Carry out a particular task
inflammatory response
Local hormone therapy includes:
cream, rings, and sometimes suppository. It is applied directly to the desired area. For example,
a practitioner delivers a ring or suppository inside the vagina to treat irritation or dryness. Again,
creams are widely used for breast enhancement by leveling up localized hormones.
2
This study source was downloaded by 100000822442696 from CourseHero.com on 11-15-2025 06:44:46 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/208485475/NR568-Final-Exam-Study-Guide-Weeks-5-8docx/
Week 5
- Prevention of osteoporosis with hormone replacement therapy
HT reduces postmenopausal bone loss and thereby decreases the risk for osteoporosis and
related fractures.
The first line of prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is hormone replacement therapy
(HRT). All of the approved drugs for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis act as
inhibitors of bone resorption; these drugs include HRT, selective estrogen receptor modulators,
calcitonin, and bisphosphonates
- When and when not to use progestin for hormone replacement therapy and why
You should not use HRT (Estrogen with or without Progestin) for the prevention or treatment of
coronary heart disease or stroke. HRT (Estrogen with or without Progestin) is effective for the
control of hot flashes, night sweats and vaginal dryness.
Local vs. systemic estrogen options and why one would be chosen over the other
Prostaglandins
I. Prostaglandins, a group of lipids, originate from the fatty acids and act as a middleman.
The hormone rushes to the work whenever there is an incident of tissue damage.
Hence, the primary attribution of these molecules is to clot blood and form new cells on
the wounded site. They do the task by inhibiting the aggregation of the platelet.
II. Aside from that, prostaglandins control the inflammation due to injury, blood pressure,
and blood flow. Furthermore, the hormone also contributes to uterine contraction during
pregnancy labor.
Leukotrienes
I. Leukotrienes, the inflammatory chemical group, are responsible for your suffering during
an allergy attack. These hormones signal the airway muscles to tighten and release
excess mucus as soon as you make any contact with an allergen. The leukotrienes also
cause lung swelling in asthma and play an inflammatory role in tissue damage or injury.
Histamine
I. Histamine fights on your behalf against any potential allergy or alien that invades
your immunity system. Your while blood cells secrete these compounds whenever
under attack. Such inflammatory responses might trigger an allergic reaction in the
body, such as itching or sneezing.
II. Histamine has some other roles to perform too. The local hormone contributes in
III. Smooth muscle contraction, Blood pressure regulation, Capillary permeability
enhancement by blood vessel dilation, Gastric juice secretion, Serotonin
1
This study source was downloaded by 100000822442696 from CourseHero.com on 11-15-2025 06:44:46 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/208485475/NR568-Final-Exam-Study-Guide-Weeks-5-8docx/
, NR568 Final Exam Study Guide
IV. The amino acids are the building blocks of serotonin, the essential neurotransmitter
of our body. These local hormones are present in bulk in the digestive system, blood
platelet, and central nervous system.
V. Serotonin has a noticeable contribution to mood stabilization, sharpening memory,
and the cognitive system. But, do you know the lack of this neurotransmitter causes
depression and anxiety? Besides lifting your mood, serotonin plays a role in
maintaining a healthy sleep pattern and digestion process. The hormone also takes
part in blood clotting and boosting the immunity network.
Estrogen
I. Estrogen, the female hormone, plays the master role in flourishing feminine
characteristics. This hormone contributes to, Breast and sexual organ development,
Driving sexual desire and gratification, Healthy menstruation cycle, and Body fat
distribution
II. The estrogen level fluctuates and takes a hit during the menopausal transition. The lack
of this hormone leads to hot flashes, night sweats, frequent mood swings, and weight
gain.
Progesterone
I. The ovaries and placenta are the primary manufacturers of progesterone hormones.
However, the adrenal gland also has a significant contribution to the production of this
hormone.
II. Progesterone is considered the secondary female hormone due to its role during
pregnancy, conception, and maintaining the menstrual cycle. Hence, the lack of these
molecules leads to irregular periods, mood swings, interrupted sleep cycles, anxiety, etc.
Androgen
I. Androgen, also called the male hormone, is a group of sex hormones that dominates
male characteristics. But, surprisingly, women also require a fair share of androgen to
balance out their hormones.
II. The androgen surge during puberty contributes to the reproductive system development,
pubic and facial hair growth, and the deepening of the voice. This hormone also has a
significant role in libido and building muscle mass.
Local Hormones Systemic Hormones
Originates from one specific
Produced from nerves and glands
gland or tissue
Localized work Work throughout the body
Perform tasks like blood clotting, building immunity, and
Carry out a particular task
inflammatory response
Local hormone therapy includes:
cream, rings, and sometimes suppository. It is applied directly to the desired area. For example,
a practitioner delivers a ring or suppository inside the vagina to treat irritation or dryness. Again,
creams are widely used for breast enhancement by leveling up localized hormones.
2
This study source was downloaded by 100000822442696 from CourseHero.com on 11-15-2025 06:44:46 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/208485475/NR568-Final-Exam-Study-Guide-Weeks-5-8docx/
