NR 603 – Advanced Pathophysiology: Week 1 Most Recent exam
COMPLETE (2026) EXAM Questions and Answers (Verified
Answers) (Latest Update 2026) Graded A+
1. Which cellular component is primarily responsible for energy production?
C. Mitochondria
Rationale: Mitochondria generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, supplying energy for
cellular processes.
2. What is the main function of lysosomes?
B. Degradation of cellular waste and pathogens
Rationale: Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down damaged organelles, proteins, and
pathogens.
3. Which process allows cells to take in large molecules or particles?
A. Endocytosis
Rationale: Endocytosis enables the cell membrane to engulf extracellular material into vesicles.
4. What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
C. Protein and lipid synthesis
Rationale: The ER synthesizes proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER) for cellular function.
5. Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for DNA replication?
B. S phase
Rationale: During S phase, the cell duplicates its DNA to prepare for mitosis.
6. What is the main cause of cellular atrophy?
C. Reduced workload or nutrient deficiency
Rationale: Atrophy occurs when cells decrease in size due to disuse, poor nutrition, or ischemia.
7. Hypertrophy is best described as:
A. Increase in cell size
Rationale: Hypertrophy results from increased workload or stimulation, enlarging the cells
without increasing cell number.
8. Hyperplasia differs from hypertrophy in that it involves:
B. Increase in cell number
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, often in response to hormonal or
compensatory signals.
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EXAMPREPMASTER
, 9. Dysplasia refers to:
C. Abnormal cellular growth and organization
Rationale: Dysplasia is a disorderly growth pattern that can be a precursor to malignancy.
10. Which type of cell death is programmed and controlled?
A. Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated process of cell death, essential for tissue homeostasis.
11. Necrosis is different from apoptosis because it is:
B. Uncontrolled and often inflammatory
Rationale: Necrosis results from injury, leading to cell lysis and inflammation.
12. Which type of necrosis is typically associated with ischemia in the heart?
A. Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture but denatures proteins, common in
myocardial infarction.
13. Liquefactive necrosis is most commonly seen in:
C. Brain infarcts
Rationale: In brain tissue, necrosis leads to complete digestion of cells, forming a liquid mass.
14. Gangrenous necrosis generally involves:
B. Extremities with poor perfusion
Rationale: Gangrene occurs in ischemic limbs and can be dry or wet depending on infection.
15. Fat necrosis is usually caused by:
A. Trauma or pancreatitis
Rationale: Enzymatic action on fatty tissue leads to saponification and tissue damage.
16. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury due to hypoxia?
B. ATP depletion
Rationale: Low oxygen levels impair oxidative phosphorylation, reducing ATP and cell function.
17. Reperfusion injury occurs because:
C. Reactive oxygen species damage cells
Rationale: Restoration of blood flow generates free radicals, harming membranes and DNA.
18. Oxidative stress primarily damages cells by:
B. Lipid peroxidation
Rationale: Reactive oxygen species attack membrane lipids, causing structural and functional
damage.
19. Which electrolyte imbalance is most detrimental to cardiac function?
2
C. Hyperkalemia
Page
Rationale: Elevated potassium levels can alter action potentials, leading to arrhythmias.
EXAMPREPMASTER
COMPLETE (2026) EXAM Questions and Answers (Verified
Answers) (Latest Update 2026) Graded A+
1. Which cellular component is primarily responsible for energy production?
C. Mitochondria
Rationale: Mitochondria generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, supplying energy for
cellular processes.
2. What is the main function of lysosomes?
B. Degradation of cellular waste and pathogens
Rationale: Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down damaged organelles, proteins, and
pathogens.
3. Which process allows cells to take in large molecules or particles?
A. Endocytosis
Rationale: Endocytosis enables the cell membrane to engulf extracellular material into vesicles.
4. What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
C. Protein and lipid synthesis
Rationale: The ER synthesizes proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER) for cellular function.
5. Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for DNA replication?
B. S phase
Rationale: During S phase, the cell duplicates its DNA to prepare for mitosis.
6. What is the main cause of cellular atrophy?
C. Reduced workload or nutrient deficiency
Rationale: Atrophy occurs when cells decrease in size due to disuse, poor nutrition, or ischemia.
7. Hypertrophy is best described as:
A. Increase in cell size
Rationale: Hypertrophy results from increased workload or stimulation, enlarging the cells
without increasing cell number.
8. Hyperplasia differs from hypertrophy in that it involves:
B. Increase in cell number
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, often in response to hormonal or
compensatory signals.
1
Page
EXAMPREPMASTER
, 9. Dysplasia refers to:
C. Abnormal cellular growth and organization
Rationale: Dysplasia is a disorderly growth pattern that can be a precursor to malignancy.
10. Which type of cell death is programmed and controlled?
A. Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated process of cell death, essential for tissue homeostasis.
11. Necrosis is different from apoptosis because it is:
B. Uncontrolled and often inflammatory
Rationale: Necrosis results from injury, leading to cell lysis and inflammation.
12. Which type of necrosis is typically associated with ischemia in the heart?
A. Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture but denatures proteins, common in
myocardial infarction.
13. Liquefactive necrosis is most commonly seen in:
C. Brain infarcts
Rationale: In brain tissue, necrosis leads to complete digestion of cells, forming a liquid mass.
14. Gangrenous necrosis generally involves:
B. Extremities with poor perfusion
Rationale: Gangrene occurs in ischemic limbs and can be dry or wet depending on infection.
15. Fat necrosis is usually caused by:
A. Trauma or pancreatitis
Rationale: Enzymatic action on fatty tissue leads to saponification and tissue damage.
16. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury due to hypoxia?
B. ATP depletion
Rationale: Low oxygen levels impair oxidative phosphorylation, reducing ATP and cell function.
17. Reperfusion injury occurs because:
C. Reactive oxygen species damage cells
Rationale: Restoration of blood flow generates free radicals, harming membranes and DNA.
18. Oxidative stress primarily damages cells by:
B. Lipid peroxidation
Rationale: Reactive oxygen species attack membrane lipids, causing structural and functional
damage.
19. Which electrolyte imbalance is most detrimental to cardiac function?
2
C. Hyperkalemia
Page
Rationale: Elevated potassium levels can alter action potentials, leading to arrhythmias.
EXAMPREPMASTER
