NURS 6111 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update

NURS 6111 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update Na normal lab value - Answers 135-145 K normal lab value - Answers 3.5-5.0 Mg normal lab value - Answers 1.3-2.1 mEq/L Calcium normal lab value - Answers 8.5-10.5 mg/dL Abnormal signs and symptoms of K - Answers excessive thirst, increased urination, muscle cramps, fatigue/weakness, irregular heartbeat, constipation, abdominal cramping Abnormal signs and symptoms of Mg - Answers muscle cramps, fatigue/weakness, abnormal heart rhythm, numbness/tingling, mental symptoms, insomnia Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by - Answers converting a strong acid or base to a weak one Types of hypersensitivity reactions - Answers Type 1: Immunoglobulin IgE mediated reactions(allergic reaction), rapid time frame, ex peanut allergy Type 2: tissue specific, activates complement cascade/phagocytosis, body attacks healthy RBC thinking they are foreign, ex graves, hep induced thrombocytopenia Type 3: immune complexes formed in circulation and deposited into cell wall and cause tissue damage , ex is rayanuds Type 4: delayed sensitivity, only type that is mediated by T lymphocytes and do not involve antibodies, ex contact sensitivity to poison ivy, latex, mycobacterial infection Prematurity - Answers baby born before 37 weeks gestation, causes: maternal age, multiple pregnancies, uterine or cervical abnormalities, infections/chronic conditions. Clinical findings of premature babies: low birth weight, jaundice, feeding difficulties RDS (respiratory distress syndrome) - Answers babies born before 28 weeks, caused by lack of surfactant, characterized by shallow rapid breathing(grunting), males are more prone NEC (necrotizing enterocolitis) - Answers babies born before 32 weeks, caused by damage and inflammation to intestinal tissues, characterized by bloody stools and distended abdomen. Risk factors: low birth weight, formula feedings SIDS(sudden infant death syndrome) - Answers common between 1-4 months of age, most frequent death for child 2 weeks-1 year, can occur from sleeping on soft surface, occurs in boys more often than girls Prader-Willi Syndrome - Answers Caused by a lack of genetic material in the 15 pair of chromosomes. Usually inherited from the father. The leading genetic cause of obesity. The degree of mental retardation varies, but is usually in the mild range. Students with Prader-Willi syndrome can be rigid and oppositional. They do not respond well to sudden changes in their routine. It can also result in low muscle tone, short stature, incomplete sexual development, cognitive disabilities, problem behaviors, and a chronic feeling of hunger that can lead to excessive eating and life-threatening obesity. DiGeorge Syndrome - Answers caused by missing piece of chromosome 22, affects the heart, immune system, parathyroid glands, can be inherited from parents, DGS triad: conotruncal cardiac anomalies, hypoplastic thymus, and hypocalcemia. can cause cleft lip, hearing loss, learning difficulties Function of IgA antibody - Answers inhibit the passage of alien substances that attempt to enter the circulatory system. mucosal immunity function of IgE antibody - Answers protect against parasitic invasions and supervise allergic reactions Function of IgG antibody - Answers -Long-term immunity -protection of newborns during the first 6 months of life Function of IgM antibody - Answers Activated complement system (classical pathway) Agglutinate microorganism Why can select IgA deficiency lead to a blood transfusion reaction? - Answers can lead to the patient developing antibodies that fight against the IgA causing a transfusion reaction plasma proteins - Answers albumin, fibrinogen, globulins. Proteins function to control oncotic pressure, transport substances (hemoglobin, lipids, calcium), and promote inflammation and the complement cascade. action potential stages - Answers 1) resting potential = Na+ ions outside while K+ ions inside 2) depolarization = Na+ channels open & Na+ comes in; cell becomes more positive (meets threshold of -55 mV to fire) 3) repolarization = K+ channels open & K+ goes out; cell becomes more negative 4) undershoot = cell goes below resting potential; K+ channels are slow to close 5) return to resting potential = both channels close; Na+ & K+ pumps restore concentration gradient ABG interpretation - Answers pH 7.35-7.45 PaCO2 35-45 HCO3 22-26