NUR 265 Exam 1 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
What is nephrotic syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅A condition of increased
glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the
urine and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅-*Massive
proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅-immunosuppressant
agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
Describe the "risk" stage for AKI - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅creatinine x 1.5 of normal,
and GFR reduced by 25%
Describe the "injury" stage for AKI - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅creatinine x2 & GFR
reduced by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅creatinine x3 normal, &
GFR reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
,Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Decreased perfusion to
kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Tissue damage to the
actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Obstruction that
occurs after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅-NSAIDS
, -Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater than input
What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅-Low
protein
-Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion problem)
What are the 2 most common causes of CKD? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅-HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
What is azotemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Nitrogenous waste build up
What are manifestations of uremia? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅•Metallic taste in mouth
•Anorexia
•Nausea/vomiting
•Muscle cramps
•Uremic frost on skin
•Itching
•Fatigue and lethargy
•Hiccups
•Edema
•Dyspnea
•Paresthesia's
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
What is nephrotic syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅A condition of increased
glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the
urine and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅-*Massive
proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅-immunosuppressant
agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
Describe the "risk" stage for AKI - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅creatinine x 1.5 of normal,
and GFR reduced by 25%
Describe the "injury" stage for AKI - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅creatinine x2 & GFR
reduced by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅creatinine x3 normal, &
GFR reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
,Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Decreased perfusion to
kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Tissue damage to the
actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Obstruction that
occurs after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅-NSAIDS
, -Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored? - CORRECT
ANSWERS✅✅Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater than input
What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅-Low
protein
-Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion problem)
What are the 2 most common causes of CKD? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅-HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
What is azotemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅Nitrogenous waste build up
What are manifestations of uremia? - CORRECT ANSWERS✅✅•Metallic taste in mouth
•Anorexia
•Nausea/vomiting
•Muscle cramps
•Uremic frost on skin
•Itching
•Fatigue and lethargy
•Hiccups
•Edema
•Dyspnea
•Paresthesia's
