ENGR 202 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST 2025-2026
CAA - Answers Clean Air Act
TDS - Answers Total Dissolved Solid
NOAEL - Answers No Observable Adverse Effects Level
IPCC - Answers Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
USDOE - Answers United State Department of Energy
MCL - Answers Maximum Contaminant Level
Name two major contaminants for ground water and their source. - Answers 1) Petroleum
compounds (organic chemicals) from leaking underground storage tanks.
2) Nitrates from agricultural fertilizers.
Give two health benefits of designing a product to fit into a life cycle. - Answers 1) It minimizes
adverse impacts of wastes.
2) It reduces the use of natural resources to make new products.
What is a pathogen? - Answers Pathogens are disease-causing agents, such as bacteria, viruses,
protozoa and parasitic worms. These are microorganisms are commonly found in the intestines
of infected people or animals, and they are excreted in the feces that enter sewer systems or
fall into the ground. They can cause human illnesses such as typhoid, diarrhea, gastrointestinal,
respiratory and skin diseases.
Define MCL for drinking water. - Answers An MCL of 1 mg/L is equivalent to one unit of
contaminant per million units of water on mass basis or one part per million by weight.
Among the many toxic metals the quantitative analysis on mercury is one of the most widely
studied. Give some reasons why mercury has received attention to scientific studies. - Answers
1) Mercury can damage the central nervous system and the brain as exposure to it can be fatal
at sufficiently high level.
2) Mercury bioaccumulates in the blood.
3) Mercury tends to bioaccumulates in tissues of fish and other organisms, and thus, affect
humans through the food chain.
What is the difference between Potency Factor and Chronic Daily Intake for a carcinogenic
chemical? - Answers The Potency Factor (PF) represents the incremental lifetime cancer risk
corresponding to a chronic daily intake of 1 mg/kg-da of a particular chemical.
Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) is the average daily dose of a chemical over the lifetime of an
, individual.
Explain some of the uncertainties in assessing for non-carcinogens. - Answers The Reference
Dose is a key parameter used in risk assessments to characterize the safe dose of a non-
carcinogenic chemical.
Hazard Quotient (HQ) is the metric used in risk assessments to compare an actual dose of
chemical to the reference dose. It is defined as the ratio of the average daily dose (ADD) of a
chemical divided by the reference dose.
What are the 3 major factors affecting increase in CO2 emissions? - Answers 1) Population
growth
2) GDP per capita
3) Energy intensity
What is bioaccumulation? - Answers It is the accumulation of substances such as pesticides
and other organic chemicals in an organism. (ex: Mercury).
What is Hazard Quotient (HQ)? - Answers It is the metric used in risk assessments to compare
an actual dose of a chemical to the reference dose.
It is defined as the ratio of the average daily dose (ADD) of a chemical divided by the reference
dose.
HQ = ADD/RfD
What are the 3 key factors that influence the environmental change? - Answers 1) Housing and
industrial development
2) Agriculture
3) Emissions of chemical substances to land, air and water
The population of a city is currently 1 million people. Using a constant annual growth rate, what
is the percent increase in population after 10 years with an annual growth rate of 5%? - Answers
P = Po(1+r)^10
P = 1,000,000 (1+0.05)^(10)
P = 1,628,894.63
(P-Po)/P*100 = 62.89%
What is bad ozone and its source? - Answers It is an air pollutant found at ground level and it
CAA - Answers Clean Air Act
TDS - Answers Total Dissolved Solid
NOAEL - Answers No Observable Adverse Effects Level
IPCC - Answers Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
USDOE - Answers United State Department of Energy
MCL - Answers Maximum Contaminant Level
Name two major contaminants for ground water and their source. - Answers 1) Petroleum
compounds (organic chemicals) from leaking underground storage tanks.
2) Nitrates from agricultural fertilizers.
Give two health benefits of designing a product to fit into a life cycle. - Answers 1) It minimizes
adverse impacts of wastes.
2) It reduces the use of natural resources to make new products.
What is a pathogen? - Answers Pathogens are disease-causing agents, such as bacteria, viruses,
protozoa and parasitic worms. These are microorganisms are commonly found in the intestines
of infected people or animals, and they are excreted in the feces that enter sewer systems or
fall into the ground. They can cause human illnesses such as typhoid, diarrhea, gastrointestinal,
respiratory and skin diseases.
Define MCL for drinking water. - Answers An MCL of 1 mg/L is equivalent to one unit of
contaminant per million units of water on mass basis or one part per million by weight.
Among the many toxic metals the quantitative analysis on mercury is one of the most widely
studied. Give some reasons why mercury has received attention to scientific studies. - Answers
1) Mercury can damage the central nervous system and the brain as exposure to it can be fatal
at sufficiently high level.
2) Mercury bioaccumulates in the blood.
3) Mercury tends to bioaccumulates in tissues of fish and other organisms, and thus, affect
humans through the food chain.
What is the difference between Potency Factor and Chronic Daily Intake for a carcinogenic
chemical? - Answers The Potency Factor (PF) represents the incremental lifetime cancer risk
corresponding to a chronic daily intake of 1 mg/kg-da of a particular chemical.
Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) is the average daily dose of a chemical over the lifetime of an
, individual.
Explain some of the uncertainties in assessing for non-carcinogens. - Answers The Reference
Dose is a key parameter used in risk assessments to characterize the safe dose of a non-
carcinogenic chemical.
Hazard Quotient (HQ) is the metric used in risk assessments to compare an actual dose of
chemical to the reference dose. It is defined as the ratio of the average daily dose (ADD) of a
chemical divided by the reference dose.
What are the 3 major factors affecting increase in CO2 emissions? - Answers 1) Population
growth
2) GDP per capita
3) Energy intensity
What is bioaccumulation? - Answers It is the accumulation of substances such as pesticides
and other organic chemicals in an organism. (ex: Mercury).
What is Hazard Quotient (HQ)? - Answers It is the metric used in risk assessments to compare
an actual dose of a chemical to the reference dose.
It is defined as the ratio of the average daily dose (ADD) of a chemical divided by the reference
dose.
HQ = ADD/RfD
What are the 3 key factors that influence the environmental change? - Answers 1) Housing and
industrial development
2) Agriculture
3) Emissions of chemical substances to land, air and water
The population of a city is currently 1 million people. Using a constant annual growth rate, what
is the percent increase in population after 10 years with an annual growth rate of 5%? - Answers
P = Po(1+r)^10
P = 1,000,000 (1+0.05)^(10)
P = 1,628,894.63
(P-Po)/P*100 = 62.89%
What is bad ozone and its source? - Answers It is an air pollutant found at ground level and it
