SSD EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Why do 75% of 3 year olds achieve normal speech by 6 years old? - Answer --a 3yo is
not supposed to have that many sounds yet, so their errors may go away by 6
-the prevalence of SSDs drops to 3.8% by age 6
What are the risk factors of a SSD? - Answer -Male sex, family history of SSDs, and
low maternal education are typical risk factors; otitis that causes mild-moderate hearing
loss
Which SSD relates to "innate knowledge" and which is more "surface level"? - Answer -
phonological: innate knowledge
articulation: surface
Define a speech sound disorder and the type of theory it is based on. - Answer --
Speech sound disorders are errors in producing speech sounds.
-That is an atheoretical definition preferred in the text
-Theoretical and diagnostic considerations dictate further distinctions and qualifications
What characteristics indicate an articulation disorder? - Answer --Not typical of the
speech of his or her peers
-Limited to a few speech sounds
-Without identifiable patterns
-Not compromising intelligibility
(Optionally) associated with organic problems (e.g., cleft palate)
Functional Articulation Disorders - Answer -Functional articulation disorders -
diagnosed without any organic or neurologic conditions associated with them
Organic Articulation Disorders - Answer -Organic articulation disorders - The most
common organic (structural) condition is the clefts of the lip and palate
Neurological Based Articulation Disorder - Answer -Neurological Based Articulation
Disorder -
When neurological conditions are associated, the diagnosis may be childhood apraxia
of speech (CAS) or developmental dysarthria (DD)
Name the 3 types of Articulation Disorders - Answer -Functional
Organic
Neurological Based
Phonological disorders are multiple speech sound error PATTERNS (or adult-child
production mismatches_ that: - Answer --persist beyond certain age levels,
-often lose phonemic contrasts,
,-significantly impair speech intelligibility,
and presumably are due to an underlying problem in phonological representation or
knowledge.
Phonological disorders are due to an underlying problem in - Answer -phonological
representation or knowledge; innate knowledge
Phonological Disorders are NOT due to: - Answer -PDs are not due to a pure
production problem (not phonetic). Deficient phonological representation or knowledge
is the main underlying problem.
What other problems are associated with phonological disorders? - Answer --In 45 to
66% of children, phonological disorders may be associated with language disorders
(LDs).
-Literacy problems also may be associated with PDs.
Which has fewer negative consequences: artic or phonological disorder? - Answer -
Articulation disorders, especially involving only a sound or two may have fewer negative
consequences than phonological disorders
Clinicians may often diagnose PDs (phonological disorders) when: - Answer --
phonological processes that should have disappeared still persist beyond the expected
ages for those processes; natural processes then are error patterns
-the patterned sound production errors may be analyzed for some underlying rules or
constraints
-the speech intelligibility is poor, regardless of other variables (e.g., the number of
phonemes involved).
What is an example of an articulation disorder? - Answer -child only deletes final /t/
from words consistently
What theory is the term Speech Sound Disorders based off of? - Answer -atheoretical!
no theory
A child is making errors with all liquid phonemes. He lacks: - Answer -phonemic
contrast
A child presents with cleft palate and is having difficulty with plosives and nasal sounds.
What kind of SSD would you suspect? - Answer -organic, because there is a structural
problem
State the difference between a delay vs. a disorder - Answer -Delay is slower course of
development, but no unusual errors (may still need treatment)
Disorders involve unusual or atypical errors not found in typical speech sound learners
, What is the difference between Etiological and Typological? - Answer --Typological
sub-types are based on speech errors themselves (the "surface" features)
-Etiologic sub-types are based on hypothesized causes; each sub-type is thought to
have its own unique cause
What question does etiology answer? What question does typological answer? -
Answer -typological: What is occurring?
etiological: What is the reason it is occurring?
Etiological: classification based on ______
Typological: classification based on ______ - Answer -etiological: origin, hypothesis
typological: AGE, categories, gender, surface features
Typological: Shriburg classification is based on ___ - Answer -age
The 6 typological Shriburg classifications - Answer --Normal (0-3 yrs) or normalized (9+
yrs) speech sound acquisition.
-Speech Delay (3-9 yrs).
-Speech Errors (6 to 9 yrs.).
-Persistent Speech Disorders. (9+ yrs.). -
-Motor Speech Disorders (3 to 9 yrs).
-Persistent Motor Speech Disorders (9+ yrs).
In Shriburg typological classifications, "normal (0-3 years) or normalized (9+ years)" is
considered normal because... - Answer --This is normal speech, but may have been
problematic in the past.
-But why "normal" in a disorder classification?
Because they may develop on their own or maybe they had therapy in the past
A shriburg typological classification that is based on phonological patterns of deletions
and substitutions that persist beyond typical. Significant effects on intelligibility and later
literacy. Treatment will normalize speech - Answer -speech delay (3-9 years)
-"delay" because the errors may be typical but just slower to go away
A shriburg typological classification that is Mostly limited to sibilant and rhotic errors. No
significant effects on literacy or intelligibility. - Answer -Speech Errors (6 to 9 yrs.).
A shriburg typological classification that is with academic, social and occupational
consequences - Answer -Persistent Speech Disorders. (9+ yrs.).
A shriburg typological classification that has significant speech production difficulties,
and may include CAS and developmental dysarthria - Answer -Motor Speech Disorders
(3 to 9 yrs).
A shriburg typological classification that is diagnosed earlier and persists beyond age 9
- Answer -Persistent Motor Speech Disorders (9+ yrs).
Why do 75% of 3 year olds achieve normal speech by 6 years old? - Answer --a 3yo is
not supposed to have that many sounds yet, so their errors may go away by 6
-the prevalence of SSDs drops to 3.8% by age 6
What are the risk factors of a SSD? - Answer -Male sex, family history of SSDs, and
low maternal education are typical risk factors; otitis that causes mild-moderate hearing
loss
Which SSD relates to "innate knowledge" and which is more "surface level"? - Answer -
phonological: innate knowledge
articulation: surface
Define a speech sound disorder and the type of theory it is based on. - Answer --
Speech sound disorders are errors in producing speech sounds.
-That is an atheoretical definition preferred in the text
-Theoretical and diagnostic considerations dictate further distinctions and qualifications
What characteristics indicate an articulation disorder? - Answer --Not typical of the
speech of his or her peers
-Limited to a few speech sounds
-Without identifiable patterns
-Not compromising intelligibility
(Optionally) associated with organic problems (e.g., cleft palate)
Functional Articulation Disorders - Answer -Functional articulation disorders -
diagnosed without any organic or neurologic conditions associated with them
Organic Articulation Disorders - Answer -Organic articulation disorders - The most
common organic (structural) condition is the clefts of the lip and palate
Neurological Based Articulation Disorder - Answer -Neurological Based Articulation
Disorder -
When neurological conditions are associated, the diagnosis may be childhood apraxia
of speech (CAS) or developmental dysarthria (DD)
Name the 3 types of Articulation Disorders - Answer -Functional
Organic
Neurological Based
Phonological disorders are multiple speech sound error PATTERNS (or adult-child
production mismatches_ that: - Answer --persist beyond certain age levels,
-often lose phonemic contrasts,
,-significantly impair speech intelligibility,
and presumably are due to an underlying problem in phonological representation or
knowledge.
Phonological disorders are due to an underlying problem in - Answer -phonological
representation or knowledge; innate knowledge
Phonological Disorders are NOT due to: - Answer -PDs are not due to a pure
production problem (not phonetic). Deficient phonological representation or knowledge
is the main underlying problem.
What other problems are associated with phonological disorders? - Answer --In 45 to
66% of children, phonological disorders may be associated with language disorders
(LDs).
-Literacy problems also may be associated with PDs.
Which has fewer negative consequences: artic or phonological disorder? - Answer -
Articulation disorders, especially involving only a sound or two may have fewer negative
consequences than phonological disorders
Clinicians may often diagnose PDs (phonological disorders) when: - Answer --
phonological processes that should have disappeared still persist beyond the expected
ages for those processes; natural processes then are error patterns
-the patterned sound production errors may be analyzed for some underlying rules or
constraints
-the speech intelligibility is poor, regardless of other variables (e.g., the number of
phonemes involved).
What is an example of an articulation disorder? - Answer -child only deletes final /t/
from words consistently
What theory is the term Speech Sound Disorders based off of? - Answer -atheoretical!
no theory
A child is making errors with all liquid phonemes. He lacks: - Answer -phonemic
contrast
A child presents with cleft palate and is having difficulty with plosives and nasal sounds.
What kind of SSD would you suspect? - Answer -organic, because there is a structural
problem
State the difference between a delay vs. a disorder - Answer -Delay is slower course of
development, but no unusual errors (may still need treatment)
Disorders involve unusual or atypical errors not found in typical speech sound learners
, What is the difference between Etiological and Typological? - Answer --Typological
sub-types are based on speech errors themselves (the "surface" features)
-Etiologic sub-types are based on hypothesized causes; each sub-type is thought to
have its own unique cause
What question does etiology answer? What question does typological answer? -
Answer -typological: What is occurring?
etiological: What is the reason it is occurring?
Etiological: classification based on ______
Typological: classification based on ______ - Answer -etiological: origin, hypothesis
typological: AGE, categories, gender, surface features
Typological: Shriburg classification is based on ___ - Answer -age
The 6 typological Shriburg classifications - Answer --Normal (0-3 yrs) or normalized (9+
yrs) speech sound acquisition.
-Speech Delay (3-9 yrs).
-Speech Errors (6 to 9 yrs.).
-Persistent Speech Disorders. (9+ yrs.). -
-Motor Speech Disorders (3 to 9 yrs).
-Persistent Motor Speech Disorders (9+ yrs).
In Shriburg typological classifications, "normal (0-3 years) or normalized (9+ years)" is
considered normal because... - Answer --This is normal speech, but may have been
problematic in the past.
-But why "normal" in a disorder classification?
Because they may develop on their own or maybe they had therapy in the past
A shriburg typological classification that is based on phonological patterns of deletions
and substitutions that persist beyond typical. Significant effects on intelligibility and later
literacy. Treatment will normalize speech - Answer -speech delay (3-9 years)
-"delay" because the errors may be typical but just slower to go away
A shriburg typological classification that is Mostly limited to sibilant and rhotic errors. No
significant effects on literacy or intelligibility. - Answer -Speech Errors (6 to 9 yrs.).
A shriburg typological classification that is with academic, social and occupational
consequences - Answer -Persistent Speech Disorders. (9+ yrs.).
A shriburg typological classification that has significant speech production difficulties,
and may include CAS and developmental dysarthria - Answer -Motor Speech Disorders
(3 to 9 yrs).
A shriburg typological classification that is diagnosed earlier and persists beyond age 9
- Answer -Persistent Motor Speech Disorders (9+ yrs).
