NR 565 - ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM –
CHAMBERLAIN EXAM QUESTIONS &
DETAILED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at risk for adverse drug reactions with
potential long term consequences? - correct answer ✔✔1st trimester (fetus most at risk d/t
rapid growth)
What is BEERS criteria? - correct answer ✔✔Recommendations of medications inappropriate
for elderly (65 and older), prescriber ultimately decides
What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450) - correct answer ✔✔liver enzyme system where
medications are metabolized, can either be inducers or inhibitors and create drug-drug
interactions
CYP450 inducers - correct answer ✔✔Speed up metabolism of drugs (drug is cleared faster),
drug has lesser effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate CYP450 enzymes
CYP450 inducers pneumonic - correct answer ✔✔"Bullshit Crap GPS INDUCES rage"
CYP450 inducer drug names - correct answer ✔✔Barbituates, St John wort, Carbamazepine,
rifampin, alcohol, phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital, sulfonylureas
CYP450 inhibitors - correct answer ✔✔inhibit metabolism, increase blood levels of medications
,CYP450 pneumonic - correct answer ✔✔"VISA credit card debt INHIBITS spending on designers
like CK to look GQ"
CYP450 inhibitors drug names - correct answer ✔✔Valproate, isoniazid, sulfonamides,
amiodarone, chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic
properties of drugs? - correct answer ✔✔increase glomerular filtration rate leads to increase
durg excretion
increase hepatic metabolism
decrease tone and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
Examples of medications that can be teratogenic - correct answer ✔✔Antiepileptic drugs,
antimicrobials such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, vitamin A in large doses, some
anticoagulants, and hormonal medications such as diethylstilbestrol (DES).
How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in neonates? - correct answer
✔✔slow and erratic due to low blood flow in muscles first few days of life
Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in infancy? - correct answer
✔✔delayed gastric emptying
Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric patient? - correct answer
✔✔glucocorticoids, discoloration of developing teeth with tetracyclines, and kernicterus with
sulfonamides, levofloxacin (antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
what should be included in medication administration patient education? - correct answer
✔✔dosage size and timing
,route and technique of administration
duration of treatment
drug storage
nature and time course of desired responses
nature and time course of adverse responses
finish taking antibiotic
What are some things that put the elderly patient at higher risk for adverse drug reactions? -
correct answer ✔✔reduced renal function
polypharmacy (the use of five or more medications daily)
greater severity of illness
presence of comorbidities
use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index (e.g., digoxin)
increased individual variation secondary to altered pharmacokinetics
inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
poor patient adherence
How can healthcare providers decrease likelihood of an elderly patient experiencing an adverse
drug reaction? - correct answer ✔✔obtaining a thorough drug history that includes over-the-
counter medications
considering pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics changes due to age
monitoring the patient's clinical response and plasma drug levels
using the simplest regimen possible
monitoring for drug-drug interactions and iatrogenic illness
periodically reviewing the need for continued drug therapy
encouraging the patient to dispose of old medications
taking steps to promote adherence and to avoid drugs on the Beers list
, How can we promote medication adherence with elderly patients? - correct answer
✔✔simplifying drug regimens
providing clear and concise verbal and written instructions
using an appropriate dosage form
clearly labeling and dispensing easy-to-open containers
developing daily reminders
monitoring frequently
affordability of drugs
support systems
Why do nitrates need to be taken no later than 4 PM? - correct answer ✔✔Need nitrate free
interval so tolerance doesn't develop
Nine factors that impact outcome of medication? - correct answer ✔✔Gender and race
Genetics and pharmacogenomics
Variability in absorption
placebo effect
Tolerance
patho
age
bodyweight
Do you need informed consent for genetic testing? - correct answer ✔✔yes
PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM –
CHAMBERLAIN EXAM QUESTIONS &
DETAILED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at risk for adverse drug reactions with
potential long term consequences? - correct answer ✔✔1st trimester (fetus most at risk d/t
rapid growth)
What is BEERS criteria? - correct answer ✔✔Recommendations of medications inappropriate
for elderly (65 and older), prescriber ultimately decides
What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450) - correct answer ✔✔liver enzyme system where
medications are metabolized, can either be inducers or inhibitors and create drug-drug
interactions
CYP450 inducers - correct answer ✔✔Speed up metabolism of drugs (drug is cleared faster),
drug has lesser effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate CYP450 enzymes
CYP450 inducers pneumonic - correct answer ✔✔"Bullshit Crap GPS INDUCES rage"
CYP450 inducer drug names - correct answer ✔✔Barbituates, St John wort, Carbamazepine,
rifampin, alcohol, phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital, sulfonylureas
CYP450 inhibitors - correct answer ✔✔inhibit metabolism, increase blood levels of medications
,CYP450 pneumonic - correct answer ✔✔"VISA credit card debt INHIBITS spending on designers
like CK to look GQ"
CYP450 inhibitors drug names - correct answer ✔✔Valproate, isoniazid, sulfonamides,
amiodarone, chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic
properties of drugs? - correct answer ✔✔increase glomerular filtration rate leads to increase
durg excretion
increase hepatic metabolism
decrease tone and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
Examples of medications that can be teratogenic - correct answer ✔✔Antiepileptic drugs,
antimicrobials such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, vitamin A in large doses, some
anticoagulants, and hormonal medications such as diethylstilbestrol (DES).
How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in neonates? - correct answer
✔✔slow and erratic due to low blood flow in muscles first few days of life
Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in infancy? - correct answer
✔✔delayed gastric emptying
Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric patient? - correct answer
✔✔glucocorticoids, discoloration of developing teeth with tetracyclines, and kernicterus with
sulfonamides, levofloxacin (antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
what should be included in medication administration patient education? - correct answer
✔✔dosage size and timing
,route and technique of administration
duration of treatment
drug storage
nature and time course of desired responses
nature and time course of adverse responses
finish taking antibiotic
What are some things that put the elderly patient at higher risk for adverse drug reactions? -
correct answer ✔✔reduced renal function
polypharmacy (the use of five or more medications daily)
greater severity of illness
presence of comorbidities
use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index (e.g., digoxin)
increased individual variation secondary to altered pharmacokinetics
inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
poor patient adherence
How can healthcare providers decrease likelihood of an elderly patient experiencing an adverse
drug reaction? - correct answer ✔✔obtaining a thorough drug history that includes over-the-
counter medications
considering pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics changes due to age
monitoring the patient's clinical response and plasma drug levels
using the simplest regimen possible
monitoring for drug-drug interactions and iatrogenic illness
periodically reviewing the need for continued drug therapy
encouraging the patient to dispose of old medications
taking steps to promote adherence and to avoid drugs on the Beers list
, How can we promote medication adherence with elderly patients? - correct answer
✔✔simplifying drug regimens
providing clear and concise verbal and written instructions
using an appropriate dosage form
clearly labeling and dispensing easy-to-open containers
developing daily reminders
monitoring frequently
affordability of drugs
support systems
Why do nitrates need to be taken no later than 4 PM? - correct answer ✔✔Need nitrate free
interval so tolerance doesn't develop
Nine factors that impact outcome of medication? - correct answer ✔✔Gender and race
Genetics and pharmacogenomics
Variability in absorption
placebo effect
Tolerance
patho
age
bodyweight
Do you need informed consent for genetic testing? - correct answer ✔✔yes
